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This popular trade book, originally released in hardcover in the Spring of 1999, has been newly expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This paperback edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original hardcover edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methods - to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. "How People Learn" examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. The topics include: how learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain; how existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn; what the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach; the amazing learning potential of infants; the relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace; learning needs and opportunities for teachers; and a realistic look at the role of technology in education.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society

of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated

to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare.

Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy

has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and

technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of

Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter

of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.

It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members,

sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the

federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering

programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,

and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president

of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of

Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the

examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute

acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional

charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own

initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I.

Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences

in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the

Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.

Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the

Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of

Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government,

the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is

administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M.

Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the

National Research Council.

Part I Introduction
1 Learning: From Speculation to Science 3
Part II Learners and Learning
2 How Experts Differ from Novices 31
3 Learning and Transfer 51
4 How Children Learn 79
5 Mind and Brain 114
Part III Teachers and Teaching
6 The Design of Learning Environments 131
7 Effective Teaching: Examples in History, Mathematics, and Science 155
8 Teacher Learning 190
9 Technology to Support Learning 206
Part IV Future Directions for the Science of Learning
10 Conclusions 233
11 Next Steps for Research 248
References 285
Biographical Sketches of Committees' Members and Staff 349
Acknowledgments 358
Index 363
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