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This unique study makes both a substantial contribution to our understanding of Roman political thought and a major contribution to the reception of Roman ideas about politics. The book reorients the discussion of the debt of early modern political thought from the familiar claims about republicanism and republican virtue to the rediscovery of a tradition of Roman constitutionalism. In the first part, we learn how a Roman concept of constitution emerged out of the crisis of the Republic. The emergency powers of the late Republic provoked Cicero and other contemporaries to turn an inchoate constitutionalism into explicit constitutional argument and constitutional theory. The crisis of the Republic thus brought about a powerful constitutionalism and convinced Cicero to articulate the norms and rights that would provide its substance; this typically Roman constitutional theory is described in the second part. Part three discusses the reception of Roman constitutional thought up to the late eighteenth century and the American Founding, which gave rise to a new constitutional republicanism. Special attention is paid to Jean Bodin, who emerges as a key thinker in a tradition leading up to Montesquieu and, eventually, the Federalist and John Adams. This tradition was characterized by a keen interest in the Roman Republic’s decline and fall and an insistence on the limits of virtue. The crisis of the Republic was interpreted as a constitutional crisis, and the only remedy to escape the Republic’s fate—military despotism—was thought to lie, not in republican virtue, but in Roman constitutionalism.

Dr. Benjamin Straumann is Alberico Gentili Senior Fellow at New York University School of Law. An historian of ideas, he is chiefly interested in classical political and legal thought, the history of natural and international law, constitutionalism, and the reception of classical political thought and Roman law in early-modern Europe. Benjamin is the author of Crisis and Constitutionalism: Roman Political Thought from the Fall of the Republic to the Age of Revolution (Oxford University Press, 2016); Roman Law in the State of Nature: The Classical Foundations of Hugo Grotius' Natural Law (Cambridge University Press, 2015); and editor, with Benedict Kingsbury, of Alberico Gentili, The Wars of the Romans: A Critical Edition and Translation of De armis Romanis, (translated by David Lupher, Oxford University Press, 2011). He co-edits the book series History and Theory of International Law for Oxford University Press.

Introduction
Part I Inchoate Constitutionalism in the Late Roman Republic
1 “Not Some Piece of Legislation”
2 Infinite Power? Emergencies and Extraordinary Powers in Constitutional Argument
3 “The Sole Bulwark of Liberty”
Part II A Hierarchy of Laws: Roman Constitutional Theory
4 Cicero and the Legitimacy of Political Authority
5 Greek vs. Roman Constitutional Thought
Part III The Limits of Virtue: The Roman Contribution to Political Thought
6 The Roman Republic as a Constitutional Order from the Principate to the Renaissance
7 Neo-Roman Interlude
8 Jean Bodin and the Fall of the Roman Republic
Epilogue
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