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How can the poor and weak “work”a political system to their advantage?

Drawing mainly on interviews and surveys in rural China, Kevin O’Brien and

Lianjiang Li show that popular action often hinges on locating and exploiting

divisions within the state. Otherwise powerless people use the rhetoric and

commitments of the central government to try to fight misconduct by local

officials, open up clogged channels of participation, and push back the frontiers of the permissible. This “rightful resistance” has far-reaching implications for our understanding of contentious politics. As O’Brien and Li explore the origins, dynamics, and consequences of rightful resistance, they highlight similarities between collective action in places as varied as China, the former East Germany, and the United States, while suggesting how Chinese experiences speak to issues such as opportunities to protest, claims radicalization, tactical innovation, and the outcomes of contention. Although the focus of their rich, ground-level analysis is contemporary China, the authors make a compelling argument that wherever a gap between rights promised and rights delivered exists, there is room for rightful resistance to emerge.

Kevin J. O’Brien is Bedford Professor of Political Science at the University

of California, Berkeley. His research focuses on popular p rotest and Chinese

politics in the reform era. He is the author of Reform without Liberalization:

China’s National People’s Congress and the Politics of Institutional Change and the coeditor of Engaging the Law in China: State, Society, and Possibilities for Justice. Currently, he is serving as the chair of the Center for Chinese Studies at UCBerkeley.

Lianjiang Li is an associate professor in the Department of Government and

International Studies at Hong Kong Baptist University. His research focuses

on village elections and collective action in rural China. He has published in

Asian Survey, China Information, China Journal, China Quarterly, Comparative

Politics, Comparative Political Studies, Journal of Contemporary China, and Modern China.

Preface page xi
1 RIGHTFUL RESISTANCE 1
Rightful Resistance in Rural China 5
Comparative Perspectives 15
2 OPPORTUNITIES AND PERCEPTIONS 25
Understanding Opportunities 25
A Preview of the Argument 26
A Structural Opening 27
Crosscurrents: Obstacles to Mobilization 31
Perceptions of Opportunity 38
Conclusion 48
3 BOUNDARY-SPANNING CLAIMS 50
Unpacking the State 51
Pressing for Accountability 54
Payoffs 63
4 TACTICAL ESCALATION 67
Three Variants of Direct Action 69
How New? 76
HowWidespread? 77
Origins of Direct Tactics 79
Who Innovates? 88
Some Implications 91
5 OUTCOMES 95
Thinking about Consequences 95
An Interactive Approach to Outcomes 97
Consequences of Contention 99
Understanding Outcomes 112
A Note on Variation 114
6 IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA 116
Citizenship 116
Political Change 123
Interviewee List 131
Appendix A: Who Leads Rightful Resistance? 135
Appendix B: Sources 139
Survey Samplings 139
Written Materials and Interviews 140
Bibliography 143
Index 169
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