In this influential work, first published in English in 1963, Durkheim and Mauss claim that the individual mind is capable of classification and they seek the origin of the 'classificatory function' in society. On the basis of an intensive examination of forms and principles of symbolic classification reported from the Australian aborigines, the Zuni and traditional China, they try to establish a formal correspondence between social and symbolic classification. From this they argue that the mode of classification is determined by the form of society and that the notions of space, time, hierarchy, number, class and other such cognitive categories are products of society. Dr Needham's introduction assesses the validity of Durkhiem and Mauss's argument, traces its continued influence in various disciplines, and indicates its analytical value for future researches in social anthropology.
Emile Durkheim, French sociologist, is, with Max Weber, one of the two principal founders of modern sociology. Durkheim became a professor of sociology at the Sorbonne, where he founded and edited the very important journal L'Annee Sociologique. He is renowned for the breadth of his scholarship; for his studies of primitive religion; for creating the concept of anomie (normlessness); for his study of the division of labor; and for his insistence that sociologists must use sociological (e.g., rates of behavior) rather than psychological data. His Suicide (1897) is a major sociological classic that is still read today, not so much for its data, which are limited and out of date, but for the brilliance of his analysis of suicide rates and other data that had been initially obtained for administrative rather than scientific purposes. Durkheim's notion of community, his view that religion forms the basis of all societies, had a profound impact on the course of community studies. His work continues to influence new generations of sociologists.
涂尔干在原始分类一书中指出人们具有分类的行动趋向,即把事物、事件以及有关世界的事实划分成类和种,使之各有归属,并确定它们的包含或排斥关系的过程。而它既不是可以还原为简单的心理活动(心理活动有另外的起源,是后来才出现的。还有就是不加分别的心理也构成了人类生活...
评分涂尔干(又译“德尔凯姆”)作为法国社会学始祖,被我们所熟知也许更多的是因为他的《自杀论》与《宗教生活的基本形式》,这本《原始分类》,作为他与他的得意门生马塞尔·莫斯合著的著作,与他的《自杀论》、《宗教生活的基本形式》相比确实存在着很多让人“疑惑”的地方,但...
评分涂尔干在原始分类一书中指出人们具有分类的行动趋向,即把事物、事件以及有关世界的事实划分成类和种,使之各有归属,并确定它们的包含或排斥关系的过程。而它既不是可以还原为简单的心理活动(心理活动有另外的起源,是后来才出现的。还有就是不加分别的心理也构成了人类生活...
评分实际上,涂尔干对现代社会的探讨始终纠缠着两个关键问题:一是分化社会是否还能够以集体意识或职业伦理为基础,并通过各种抽象方式实行有效的社会控制;二是社会决定论是否可以转化为个人主义的立场,常规化的日常生活是否能够为真正意义上的自我实践提供可能性,从而使社会存...
评分尔钦:神话思维 本文的标题与卡西尔(Ernst Cassier)的著作《神话思维》(Mythical Thought)相同,然而要谈的却是另外两部作品:涂尔干(Emile Durkheim)和莫斯(Marcel Mauss)的《原始分类》(De Quelques Formes Primitives)与富兰克弗特(H. Frankfort)编辑的《古人...
《Primitive Classification》这本书,在我个人看来,与其说是一本关于分类的书,不如说是一本关于“看见”的书。作者以一种非常独特的视角,引导读者去重新审视那些我们每天都在接触,却从未真正“看见”过的东西。很多时候,我们对事物的认知,是被固有的分类体系所框定的,而一旦我们习惯了某种分类,我们就会自动地过滤掉那些不符合该分类的信息。这本书就像一面镜子,映照出我们认知上的盲点。作者在书中花了大量篇幅去探讨“相似性”和“差异性”是如何被早期人类用来区分世界的。他描绘了原始人在面对各种自然现象时,是如何通过“这个像那个”或者“这个不像那个”来建立最初的认知框架。例如,他用一个非常形象的例子,说明了人类是如何将“会动的东西”与“不会动的东西”区分开来,而这个看似简单的区分,却是所有生命、无生命分类的基石。他甚至追溯到人类最早的工具使用,是如何通过对“能被用来做什么”的分类,来理解和改造世界的。我读到这里,深有感触。我常常在工作中遇到一些“死胡同”,感觉自己的思维被局限住了,无法找到新的突破口。而《Primitive Classification》这本书,让我意识到,也许我需要做的,不是去学习更复杂的理论,而是去回到最初,去重新审视我所面对的问题,是否存在着一种更原始、更根本的分类方式,能够帮助我打破现有的思维壁垒。这本书的阅读体验非常独特,它不像是一本教科书,而更像是一位智慧的长者,在耳边娓娓道来,用最简单的道理,揭示最深刻的智慧。我仿佛看到了自己思维的边界被一点点拓宽,看到了自己能够以一种更加敏锐、更加本质的眼光去“看见”这个世界。
评分《Primitive Classification》这本书,在我看来,与其说是一本关于“分类”的指南,不如说是一次关于“认知重塑”的邀请。我一直以来从事的某个专业领域,其知识体系庞大且相互关联,常常让人感到难以把握全局,甚至陷入一种“只见树木,不见森林”的困境。偶然间接触到这本书,我被它那种“溯本追源”的思路深深吸引。作者在书中并没有直接教授我们如何去“分类”,而是引导我们去理解“为什么”要分类,以及“最初”是如何进行分类的。他将我们带回了人类文明的黎明时期,描绘了原始人如何在浩瀚的未知世界中,通过最直观的感官体验,建立起最初的认知框架。他举例说,早期的分类,更多地是基于“功能性”和“可操作性”,而非我们今天所追求的“逻辑一致性”或“科学严谨性”。例如,他们如何区分“可以吃”和“不可以吃”的植物,如何区分“可以追逐”和“不值得追逐”的动物,这些都是基于最直接的生存需求。这种“功能导向”的分类方式,与我在工作中遇到的“理论导向”的分类方式,形成了鲜明的对比。我开始反思,我所研究的领域,是否也存在着一种被后世不断“优化”和“复杂化”的分类体系,而忽略了其最原始的、最贴合实际的“功能性”?《Primitive Classification》这本书,就像一把锋利的解剖刀,帮助我剥离掉那些层层叠叠的理论外衣,直视事物最核心的、最原始的“功能”。它让我意识到,很多时候,我们之所以感到困惑,是因为我们试图用一套复杂的理论去解释一个原本很简单的问题。这本书给了我勇气去质疑那些既定的框架,去寻找事物最原始的“用途”和“目的”,并以此为基础,重新构建我的认知体系。阅读这本书的过程,是一种令人振奋的智力冒险,我感觉自己仿佛回到了一个更纯粹、更本质的思维境界。
评分The sheer audacity of the title, 《Primitive Classification》, immediately piqued my interest. It promised a departure from the usual, the expected, and indeed, it delivered. This is not a book that offers a taxonomy of existing classifications, nor a manual for creating them. Instead, it’s a profound exploration of the very *act* of classification, delving into the primal instincts and cognitive frameworks that underpin our ability to make sense of the world. The author’s narrative is engaging, weaving together anthropological insights, philosophical musings, and illustrative examples that span the breadth of human history. I was particularly struck by the section on how early humans conceptualized time and space. It wasn’t through abstract measurements or complex calendars, but through cycles of nature, the movement of celestial bodies, and the tangible boundaries of their immediate environment. This grounded, sensory-based approach to understanding the world is a stark contrast to the often detached and theoretical frameworks we employ today. The book challenged me to reconsider my own deeply ingrained classificatory habits. How often do I categorize people based on superficial traits, or ideas based on pre-existing labels, without truly understanding their underlying essence? 《Primitive Classification》 encourages a return to a more fundamental level of observation, urging us to look beyond the labels and into the raw data of experience. It’s a book that fosters critical thinking by questioning the very foundations of our knowledge. It’s not about learning new categories, but about learning how to *see* and *discern* in a way that is both ancient and remarkably relevant to our modern lives. The intellectual journey this book offers is both challenging and immensely rewarding, leaving one with a deeper appreciation for the intricate, yet often overlooked, mechanisms of human cognition.
评分我 must admit that picking up《Primitive Classification》was an impulse buy, driven by a peculiar fascination with its title and a vague curiosity about what it might entail. I had no preconceived notions, no specific expectations, and frankly, I was unsure if it would resonate with me at all. However, from the very first chapter, I found myself completely captivated. The author’s approach to exploring the fundamental ways in which humans categorize the world is nothing short of revelatory. It’s not about abstract theories or complex academic jargon; instead, it’s a deeply philosophical yet remarkably accessible journey into the very foundations of our perception. The book delves into how early humans, with their limited linguistic and conceptual tools, managed to make sense of a bewildering reality. It’s a fascinating study of how we learned to distinguish between the edible and the poisonous, the dangerous and the safe, the familiar and the alien. The examples provided are vivid and thought-provoking, drawing parallels across diverse cultures and historical epochs, illustrating the universality of these primal classificatory instincts. What struck me most profoundly was the author’s ability to connect these ancient modes of thought to our modern cognitive processes. He argues, and convincingly so, that many of the complexities we grapple with today can be traced back to these fundamental, almost instinctual, ways of organizing information. It’s as if the book provides a Rosetta Stone for understanding our own minds, decoding the hidden logic behind our everyday judgments and decisions. I found myself constantly pausing to reflect, to re-examine my own assumptions and the neat boxes into which I habitually place people, ideas, and objects. This is not a book that offers easy answers; rather, it provokes deeper questions and encourages a more profound engagement with the world around us. It’s a testament to the power of simple, foundational thinking, and a reminder that true understanding often lies in returning to the most elementary principles.
评分《Primitive Classification》这本书,在我阅读过的众多关于思维和认知的书籍中,占据了一个独特而重要的位置。它不是那种提供“快速技巧”或“捷径”的书籍,而是引领读者进行一次深入的、对自身认知根源的探索。作者以一种极其引人入胜的方式,追溯了人类最初是如何理解和组织世界的。我被书中关于“感知”与“分类”之间相互作用的论述深深吸引。他阐述了,我们最初对世界的感知,并非是被动的接收,而是主动的、带着某种“分类意图”进行的。例如,当我们看到一棵树时,我们并非只是看到一堆绿色的、棕色的物质,而是将其归类为“树”,并从中提取出与“树”相关的知识和信息。这种“感知即分类”的观念,极大地启发了我。我常常在处理复杂信息时,感到力不从心,也许正是因为我没有从最根本的“分类”入手。这本书强调,那些最古老、最原始的分类方式,虽然看似简单,却蕴含着强大的力量,它们是构建更复杂认知体系的基石。作者用大量的实例,展示了不同文化中,那些最基础的“二分法”分类(如“生”与“死”,“内”与“外”,“我”与“他”)是如何渗透到语言、社会结构和思维模式中的。我意识到,很多我们今天认为理所当然的观念,其根源都可以追溯到这些原始的分类。阅读《Primitive Classification》的过程,就像是在剥洋葱,一层层地揭开我们认知的外壳,最终触碰到最核心的、最纯粹的“自我”。它让我重新审视了“理解”的本质,不再是信息的堆砌,而是对事物本质关系的洞察。这本书为我的思维带来了一次深刻的“重设”,让我能够以一种更加敏锐、更加本质的方式去认识世界。
评分《Primitive Classification》这本书,对我来说,就像是一次穿越时空的“认知考古”。我一直在从事一种非常注重“体系构建”的工作,需要将各种零散的信息,按照一定的逻辑,构建成一套严谨的知识体系。然而,在构建的过程中,我常常感到困惑,为何有些体系如此容易建立,而另一些却异常艰难?这本书,用一种极其朴素却又无比深刻的方式,解答了我的疑问。作者并没有直接教我如何去“构建体系”,而是带领我回到“分类”的源头,去探寻人类最早的“归类”方式。他描绘了在没有文字、没有抽象概念的时代,人类是如何通过“相似性”和“功能性”来认识和区分世界的。他举了一个例子,说明早期的部落是如何根据“谁能提供庇护”和“谁会带来威胁”来区分“亲近”和“疏远”的。这种基于“关系”和“功能”的原始分类,与我今天在构建知识体系时所面临的“模块划分”和“功能接口”的概念,竟然有着异曲同工之妙。更让我茅塞顿开的是,作者指出,很多我们今天看似“固定不变”的分类,其实都是历史的产物,是当时人们认知水平和生存需求的最佳体现。这让我意识到,我在构建体系时,不应该被“既定”的分类所束缚,而应该回归到事物最原始的“关系”和“功能”,去寻找最适合的“归类”方式。这本书的价值在于,它给了我一种“追根溯源”的思维工具,让我能够从最根本的层面去理解和解决问题。它让我不再是被动地接受和应用现有的分类方法,而是能够主动地去“创造”和“优化”适合我的分类体系。我感觉自己仿佛获得了一双“透视眼”,能够看到事物最本质的联系。
评分I’d heard whispers about 《Primitive Classification》 from a colleague, describing it as a book that fundamentally altered their perspective on how we organize knowledge. Skeptical but intrigued, I finally procured a copy, and I can honestly say it has been one of the most thought-provoking reads of my life. The author doesn't present a dry academic treatise; rather, it's an elegantly written exploration into the very genesis of human categorization. Imagine stepping back in time, to a world where abstract concepts were nascent, and reality was apprehended through direct sensory experience. This is the world《Primitive Classification》invites you into. It meticulously dissects how early humans, driven by the fundamental needs of survival and understanding, developed their initial frameworks for classifying everything from flora and fauna to social structures and abstract ideas. What resonated with me deeply was the exploration of "resemblance" and "difference" as the bedrock of early classification. The author illustrates this with compelling examples, showing how similarities in form, function, or behavior would lead to grouping disparate elements, and conversely, how subtle distinctions could lead to entirely new categories. This process, so basic yet so profound, offers a powerful lens through which to re-examine our own modern, often over-complicated, classification systems. I found myself constantly questioning the assumptions embedded in the categories I use daily, both professionally and personally. Are these categories truly reflective of the underlying nature of things, or are they merely historical artifacts, perpetuated through convention? 《Primitive Classification》 serves as a potent reminder that clarity and understanding can often be achieved by stripping away accumulated complexity and returning to fundamental principles. It’s a book that doesn't just inform; it transforms the way you see and interact with the world.
评分这本《Primitive Classification》究竟是怎样一本奇书,让我如此着迷?从拿到这本书的那一刻起,我就被它那朴实无华的封面所吸引,没有花哨的图画,没有醒目的标题,只有一种沉静的力量,仿佛在诉说着一个古老的故事,等待着我去发掘。翻开书页,扑面而来的是一种久违的、纯粹的思考,没有被现代社会那些纷繁复杂的概念所裹挟,而是直击事物最本质的层面。作者以一种近乎孩童般的好奇心,审视着我们习以为常的分类方式,从最基础的“有”与“无”,到“动”与“静”,再到更微妙的“相似”与“不同”。他的笔触细腻而有力,仿佛在雕刻一块未经雕琢的璞玉,一点一点地剥离出事物的原貌。我惊叹于作者的洞察力,他能够看到那些隐藏在日常现象背后的深刻规律,并用一种简洁明了的语言将其呈现。这本书并非枯燥的理论堆砌,而是充满了生动的例子和引人入胜的思辨。每一次阅读,都像是在进行一场心灵的洗礼,让我重新审视自己对世界的认知。我发现,原来我们早已习惯了某些分类,但却从未真正理解它们的由来和意义。《Primitive Classification》就像一把钥匙,开启了我理解事物本质的大门,让我能够以一种全新的视角去观察和思考,那些曾经模糊不清的概念,如今变得清晰而鲜活。这本书带给我的不仅仅是知识,更是一种思维方式的启迪,让我能够以一种更加本源、更加纯粹的方式去理解这个世界。我强烈推荐给所有对深度思考、对事物本质有追求的读者,这本书一定会让你受益匪浅。
评分《Primitive Classification》这本书,对于我这个长期沉浸在数据分析和模式识别领域的人来说,无疑是一次意想不到的思想冲击。我一直以来都在与海量的数据打交道,试图从中找出规律、建立模型,然而,很多时候,我所依赖的都是已经被高度抽象化和符号化的分类体系。这本书,则带领我走进了这些体系的“前世今生”,去探寻那些最最基础的、最原始的分类逻辑。作者在书中,并没有直接讨论所谓的“大数据分类算法”,而是回归到了人类最本源的认知方式。他探讨了人类是如何从混沌的感官信息中,提取出“相似性”和“差异性”,并以此为基础,构建起最早的认知框架。他用了一个非常生动的例子,来说明早期的部落是如何根据“谁是我们的朋友”和“谁是我们的敌人”来对人类进行分类的。这种基于“归属”和“敌对”的原始分类,与我今天所面临的“用户画像”和“风险评估”等概念,竟然有着惊人的相似之处。更重要的是,这本书让我意识到,很多我们今天看似“科学”的分类方法,其底层逻辑,可能就是那些古老而朴素的“原始分类”的延伸和变体。它提醒我,在追求复杂算法和精细模型的同时,也要时刻警惕,不要丢失了对事物本质的把握。这本书的价值在于,它不仅仅是讲述了“如何分类”,更是引导我思考“为什么”要进行这样的分类,以及这些分类的“根源”是什么。它让我从一个“操作者”变成了一个“思考者”,重新审视我所做的每一项分析,背后所遵循的最根本的分类逻辑。我感觉自己的思维被“解构”了,又被“重塑”了,获得了更深层次的洞察力。
评分我必须坦诚地说,《Primitive Classification》这本书的出现,无疑为我一直以来在特定领域内摸索的困惑,提供了一次全新的视角和解题思路。我一直致力于研究某种历史遗留的文本解读方式,而传统的学术界似乎已经将这种方法固定化,难以突破。然而,《Primitive Classification》这本书,虽然其书名听起来与我的研究领域似乎八竿子打不着,但它所探讨的“原始分类”的思维模式,却在我无意中触碰到了我的核心问题。作者在书中反复强调,很多我们今天习以为常的、看似复杂的分类体系,其根源都可以追溯到一些极其简单、甚至可以说是“粗糙”的原始判断。他举了许多跨越不同文化、不同历史时期的例子,来论证这种“原始分类”的普适性和生命力。例如,他对“颜色”的早期分类,如何从简单的“亮”与“暗”区分,逐渐演变成今天我们所熟知的彩虹七色,这种演变过程的逻辑,让我醍醐灌顶。我开始尝试将这种“化繁为简”的思路,应用到我的文本解读中。我试图剥离掉那些后世附加的、层层叠叠的解读层,回归到文本最初可能产生的语境,去寻找其最原始的“分类”逻辑。我发现,当我在脑海中建立起一个“原始分类”的框架时,很多之前难以理解的、前后矛盾的文本片段,竟然瞬间变得可以理解,甚至充满了内在的逻辑。这本书的强大之处在于,它并非提供了一套现成的解决方案,而是提供了一种思维工具,一种去伪存真、追本溯源的方法论。它教会我如何去质疑那些已经被奉为圭臬的“标准”,如何去寻找事物最根本的“DNA”。我感觉自己不再是被动地接受信息,而是成为了一个主动的探寻者,一个能够从根源上理解问题本质的人。
评分classic
评分“涂尔干的障眼法”。The cultural systems of classification reflect the structure and the cultural resources of the societies.
评分classic
评分“涂尔干的障眼法”。The cultural systems of classification reflect the structure and the cultural resources of the societies.
评分之前一直没搞懂结构主义和后结构主义有啥区别,因为感觉不都是各种分类为核心么……直到带着后结构主义的问题看结构主义作品的时候才发现简直不是一个世界的东西……
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