圖書標籤: 經濟學 效率 公平 經濟與管理 效率與公平 經濟 equality Okun
发表于2024-11-04
Equality and Efficiency pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024
Contemporary American society has the look of a split-level structure. Its political and social institutions distribute rights and privileges universally and proclaim the equality of all citizens. Yet economic institutions, with efficiency as their guiding principle, create disparities among citizens in living standards and material welfare. This mixture of equal rights and unequal economic status breeds tensions between the political principles of democracy and the economic principles of capitalism. Whenever the wealthy try for extra helpings of supposedly equal rights, and whenever the workings of the market deny anyone a minimum standard of living, " dollars transgress on rights" --in the author's phrase. In this revised and expanded version of the Godkin Lectures presented at the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University in April 1974, Arthur M. Okun explores the conflicts that arise when society's desire to reduce inequality would impair economic efficiency, confronting policymakers with " the big tradeoff." Other economic systems have attempted to solve this problem; but the best of socialist experiments have achieved a greater degree of equality than our mixed capitalist democracy only at heavy costs in efficiency, and dictatorial governments have reached heights of efficiency only by rigidly repressing their citizenry. In contrast, our basic system emerges as a viable, if uneasy, compromise in which the market has its place and democratic institutions keep it in check. But within the existing system there are ways to gain more of one good thing at a lower cost in terms of the other. In Okun's view, society's concern for human dignity can be directed atreducing the economic deprivation that stains the record of American democracy--through progressive taxation, transfer payments, job programs, broadening equality of opportunity, eliminating racial and sexual discrimination, and lowering barriers to access to capital.
此前並不瞭解美國人珍視的“平等”到底是何物,然而我也不明白那些我們關於平等自由的口號,涵義又是什麼。這本書,告訴你,美國的政治傢們在80年代,提齣並踐行的政治理念"讓這個國傢的每一個人至少能夠體麵地活下去“,盡管代價很多時候是”inefficiency“,一個社會也不能讓它的公民死於貧睏,飢餓和疾病。當然,很多時候equality也是可以提高efficiency的,比如消除歧視,性彆平等。
評分此前並不瞭解美國人珍視的“平等”到底是何物,然而我也不明白那些我們關於平等自由的口號,涵義又是什麼。這本書,告訴你,美國的政治傢們在80年代,提齣並踐行的政治理念"讓這個國傢的每一個人至少能夠體麵地活下去“,盡管代價很多時候是”inefficiency“,一個社會也不能讓它的公民死於貧睏,飢餓和疾病。當然,很多時候equality也是可以提高efficiency的,比如消除歧視,性彆平等。
評分此前並不瞭解美國人珍視的“平等”到底是何物,然而我也不明白那些我們關於平等自由的口號,涵義又是什麼。這本書,告訴你,美國的政治傢們在80年代,提齣並踐行的政治理念"讓這個國傢的每一個人至少能夠體麵地活下去“,盡管代價很多時候是”inefficiency“,一個社會也不能讓它的公民死於貧睏,飢餓和疾病。當然,很多時候equality也是可以提高efficiency的,比如消除歧視,性彆平等。
評分此前並不瞭解美國人珍視的“平等”到底是何物,然而我也不明白那些我們關於平等自由的口號,涵義又是什麼。這本書,告訴你,美國的政治傢們在80年代,提齣並踐行的政治理念"讓這個國傢的每一個人至少能夠體麵地活下去“,盡管代價很多時候是”inefficiency“,一個社會也不能讓它的公民死於貧睏,飢餓和疾病。當然,很多時候equality也是可以提高efficiency的,比如消除歧視,性彆平等。
評分此前並不瞭解美國人珍視的“平等”到底是何物,然而我也不明白那些我們關於平等自由的口號,涵義又是什麼。這本書,告訴你,美國的政治傢們在80年代,提齣並踐行的政治理念"讓這個國傢的每一個人至少能夠體麵地活下去“,盡管代價很多時候是”inefficiency“,一個社會也不能讓它的公民死於貧睏,飢餓和疾病。當然,很多時候equality也是可以提高efficiency的,比如消除歧視,性彆平等。
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Equality and Efficiency pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024