具体描述
好的，这是一份为您量身定制的图书简介，不包含《An Analysis Of Knowledge And Valuation》的内容，专注于其他领域的深刻探讨： 迷雾中的回响：社会结构、历史深流与个体觉醒的交织史诗 导言：破碎世界的重构图景 在二十一世纪的宏大叙事中，人类文明如同被飓风撕裂的古老挂毯，既显露出令人惊叹的复杂纹理，也暴露着触目惊心的裂痕。本书并非一部冷峻的理论手册，而是一次深入文明肌理的考古挖掘，一次对现代性（Modernity）及其幽灵的深刻勘问。我们试图剥离那些被日常喧嚣所掩盖的结构性力量，探究它们如何塑造了我们的感知、行动与最终的命运。 本书的立足点，在于理解“看不见的手”的运作逻辑——这些逻辑超越了单一的经济学范畴，渗透到社会制度、意识形态构建乃至日常生活仪式之中。我们将聚焦于三个核心维度的交汇点：固化的社会阶层形态、历史记忆的弹性与扭曲，以及个体在宏大系统中的能动性边界。 第一部分：钢筋水泥下的社会拓扑学 社会不再是简单的阶层堆叠，而是一张由数据流、权力网络和文化资本编织而成的复杂拓扑结构。本部分致力于揭示当代社会结构如何实现其“无形化的固化”。 第一章：精英的代际循环与“机会的终结” 传统的阶层流动模型已然失效。我们研究的重点转向“再生产的精细化”。精英阶层不再依赖单纯的财富继承，而是精心地管理着“制度性通道”——从早期教育的选择权、关键人脉的接入点，到对新兴技术标准的早期占位。本书详细分析了全球范围内，顶尖教育机构如何从知识传播中心异化为“身份筛选器”，以及这种筛选机制如何有效地固化了社会资本的代际传递。我们探讨了“赢家通吃”的市场逻辑如何从经济领域溢出，渗透到文化和政治领域，使得底层向上攀爬的路径变得越来越窄，与其说是“能力不足”，不如说是“结构性拒绝”。 第二章：数字围城与算法的乡愁 互联网的承诺是开放与平权，但现实却是“数字巴尔干化”。本章剖析了社交媒体和推荐算法如何构建起一个个“信息茧房”和“情感部落”。这些算法不仅仅是迎合用户偏好，它们更是在主动塑造用户对现实的认知边界。我们审视了“注意力经济”如何将人类的基本需求转化为可量化的指标，以及这种指标化过程对公共领域的侵蚀。更深层次的讨论在于：当我们的情感表达和政治倾向被封装在算法的黑箱中时，何为真正的公共对话空间？ 我们考察了“圈层化”的社会心理，即个体如何通过极端化的符号和语言来确认自己所属的数字社群，从而在现实中获得虚假的归属感。 第三章：基础设施的政治学：看不见的隔离带 城市规划、交通网络、水电气供应，这些日常生活中习以为常的基础设施，实则蕴含着深刻的政治意图。本书提出“物质权力”的概念，探讨基础设施的设计如何潜移默化地强化或削弱特定群体的生活质量与政治影响力。例如，公共交通系统的覆盖盲区，如何决定了低收入群体的就业半径；而特定社区对高规格数字基础设施的优先接入，如何提前锁定其未来的经济潜力。基础设施不再是中立的背景，它们是权力关系的具象化投射，是区分“被服务者”与“被遗忘者”的隐形隔离带。 第二部分：时间的幽灵：历史记忆的塑造与争夺 历史并非过去发生的一切，而是我们选择铭记并叙述出来的东西。本部分深入探讨了历史叙事在当代政治和社会动员中的关键作用。 第四章：被编码的创伤：官方记忆的去脉络化 国家或强大的文化主体总是在努力建构一个连贯且有利于自身的历史叙事。本书细致考察了“记忆工程”的机制：关键历史事件如何被抽取其复杂的矛盾性，被简化为道德清晰的二元对立，从而服务于当下的意识形态需求。我们分析了公共纪念碑、教科书修订和官方媒体宣传在“去脉络化”过程中的作用——即剥离历史事件的社会、经济和全球背景，将其固化为纯粹的教条。这种操作的危险性在于，它阻碍了社会对自身复杂根源的理解，并将历史简化为一种可供消费的、情绪化的工具。 第五章：地方志的抵抗：非主流叙事的力量 与宏大叙事形成对抗的是那些被压制或遗忘的“地下历史”。本章通过对一系列非主流档案、民间口述史和被边缘化群体的文学作品的分析，展示了历史记忆的复原过程。我们探讨了“遗忘”本身也是一种积极的行为，是权力维护自身合法性的手段。而抵抗，往往始于对那些被刻意忽略的细节、失败者和沉默者的重听。我们追溯了数个在主流历史中被抹去的社会运动和文化实验，揭示了这些“幽灵般”的叙事如何为当代社会运动提供潜在的合法性源泉和行动范式。 第六章：未来的回溯：科技决定论的反思 现代人对未来的想象，往往受制于对历史的理解。当科技进步被描绘成一种不可逆转、必然向前的“天命”时，历史感就此消退。本书批判了“科技决定论”（Technological Determinism）的陷阱，指出技术的发展并非独立于社会选择之外，而是深刻地被现有的权力结构、资本部署和社会价值所引导。我们必须“回溯”历史，才能看清当前的技术选择是如何在特定历史阶段被嵌入的，从而夺回对未来技术路径的集体塑造权。 第三部分：能动性的困境：自由的边缘与行动的悖论 个体如何在一个由结构和记忆共同塑造的复杂场域中，实现有意义的、非被决定的行动？ 第七章：倦怠与退隐：政治参与的私人化危机 当代社会对个体的要求是持续的“自我优化”和“高效产出”。这种压力导致了普遍的“能动性疲劳”。当个体将所有精力投入到应对日常生活的结构性压力（工作、债务、家庭维护）时，公共领域的参与便退化为一种奢侈品。我们分析了“倦怠”（Burnout）如何从个体心理病症被转化为一种系统性的社会反应——一种对过度要求的回避性撤退。这种退隐并非积极的休整，而是一种被动的、丧失社会连结的生存状态。 第八章：象征性反抗与“表演性行动主义”的陷阱 在信息高度传播的时代，行动本身也成为一种易于被消费的符号。本章探讨了“象征性反抗”（Symbolic Resistance）的局限性。许多在网络上高声疾呼的行动，虽然表达了正当的情绪，却往往难以转化为切实的制度性变革。我们深入分析了“身份政治”在消费主义逻辑下如何被迅速商品化，使得严肃的社会诉求被稀释为一种“道德身份的徽章”。真正的能动性，要求行动者学会如何在结构性限制下，构建能够穿透“表演”表象、触及实际权力运行的“深度干预”。 第九章：重建共同体：从联盟到韧性网络 面对结构性的隔离与历史的失序，个体觉醒的最终意义在于重建连接。本书的结论部分不再寻求乌托邦式的解决方案，而是聚焦于“韧性网络”的建立。这种网络不是基于共同的意识形态教条，而是基于共同应对特定结构性挑战的实践经验。我们研究了不同领域——从社区互助组织到专业人士的跨界合作——中涌现出的新型协作模式。这些模式的共同特征是去中心化、对地方知识的尊重，以及对长期、微小改变的耐心承诺。它们证明了，即使在最严密的社会拓扑结构中，通过持续的、有意识的集体行动，个体仍能雕刻出属于自己的、真实有效的历史空间。 结语：在不确定性中锚定意义 本书是一份关于现代性困境的详尽诊断书，它没有提供简单的出路，但它清晰地描绘了阻碍我们前行的迷雾的形态。唯有理解这些形态——社会结构的固化、历史记忆的争夺、以及能动性的悖论——我们才能真正开始有意义的探索，在破碎与回响之间，锚定我们共同的意义所在。
作者简介
目录信息
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: KNOWLEDGE, ACTION, AND EVALUATION
1. To know is to apprehend the future as qualified by values
which action may realize ____._______.__.__________._____.......__.________.__. 3
2. The meaning of 'action' ....______.__________....__.._______...__..__.....__....... 5
3. The meaning of 'knowledge' ____...____.______...______..____....__.__........ 9
4. Knowledge and meaning ______.__.....__________.........__._____.________.___.... 11
5. Only an active being could have knowledge ........______..........__ 16
6. Empirical knowledge predicts experience as consequence
of action ..... _.... ... . ..... ..... _ ..... _ ...... ... . ............ .... .. _. .. _ ... _. 21
Chapter II: KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND MEANING
1. The two types of knowledge ________._________________________________ .____.... 24
2. Usual requirements of knowledge ....__..____..___..______.__.......__..... 27
3. Three types of apprehension __...____...._________......_..____________...__.. 29
BOOK I
MEANING AND ANALYTIC TRUTH
Chapter III: THE MODES OF l1EANING
1. The a priori and the analytic .....__................__.........__..__..__...... 35
2. Summary of theses in Book I __...........................__.........__.__... 36
3. The four modes of the meaning of terms ....__............__......__ 38
4. The meaning of propositions and statements .......__...__.....__. 48
5. Modes of propositional meaning ___._________._______.________ 55
6. Propositional functions and statement functions ___.____________ 58
7. Intensional meaning and extensional meaning ______________...__. 65
Chapter IV: MEANING AND LANGUAGE
1. Broader aspects of meaning ___..__..__..__..____.....__..__.__.________________ 71
2. Symbols and expressions __.... __.__._________.__. 73
3. Elementary and conlplex expressions ..___________...._____..__ 78
4. All words have meaning ....--..__-_..___________________..__ 79
5. Analytic meaning .._ .--....-..________.__.._ ______ -- .__.___. 83
6. Synonymous expressions ________...___..__...... 85
7. Holophrastic meaning and analytic meaning ____._______._____.. 87
8. Implicitly analytic and explicitly analytic statements ..____.__. 89
9. Analytic statements impose no restrictions on the actual _.. 93
Chapter V: DEFINITIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, AND LOGIC
1. The conventionalist view _______.______________________... 96
2. Types of definitive statenlent ____..___...._____.______.__...______ 97
3. Symbolic conventions, dictionary definitions, and explicative statements _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 99
4. Quoted constituents in expressions ______________101
5. Figurative expressions and literal equivalents ____ _________102
6. The three senses of 'definition' ______..____________.___105
7. Equivalence by convention and equivalence of meaning ____107
8. Definitions and formal rules _.....__..__________....____..______..111
9 . Formal statements .....______.____..__.._.. ...... .....__...113
10. Formal statements and logic .....__......___.........__..........115
11. A simple example __._.._..........................._............116
12. A second example ..............................__...._.........119
13. All truths of logic are analytic formal statements ..............122
14. Not all analytic statements belong to logic ......................_.....124
Chapter VI: LINGUISTIC MEANING AND SENSE MEANING
1. Two aspects of intensional meaning ...............__........... .........131
2. Requirements of sense meaning .....................__............. ..........134
3. Sense meaning as criterion of application ...................._.._......136
4. Meaning as linguistically determined ..........._..........__.........__.138
5. Linguistic meaning and the analytic ..._...........___..._............____140
6. Linguistic meaning and communication_____..__________.____.._.......143
7. The priority of sense meaning ........___........_.._____....____.__..._.._...14S
8. Linguistic conventions .___..________........____...149
9. Sense meaning and the analytic __...._____.____..__..__.._...____..151
10. Analytic truth as relations of criteria _______.......__..__....._ .____..152
11. Entailment and incompatibility amongst sense-recognizable
characters _____ _.. _. _.. ._____. _ .____ __._ ____ __ _.____ ___ __ _ ____.___ _____.154
12. Three factors in determining analytic truth ._..___....___.....155
13. The question of the synthetic a priori _____..........._..___....._158
14. The analytic and the formally derivable ........_.______.....163
BOOK II
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Chapter VII: THE BASES OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Enlpirical truth can be known only through presentations
of sense ._... __ _. __ _. _. _.171
2. Knowledge by direct perception .____.........._______. ..____....172
3. The implications of an objective empirical belief........_.......175
4. Expressive language _.__________.__...._...___.--.....___....._____..178
s. Three classes of empirical statements ____...._..___.. ..........__...._.182
6. Presentational certainties and objective probabilities ._.......185
7. The given and its interpretation ____....__..__.......___.._...__.._........_188
8. Confirmations of non-terminating judgments __....__....___...l90
9. The operational conception of meaning _______.__..________....__..._.195
10. Knowledge of the past __..__..___.._________u______ ......_..197
11. Pragmatism and ubjectivism _..______..__....______....__....__200
Chapter VIII: TERMINATING JUDGMENTS AND OBJECTIVE BELIEFS
1. The general character of terminating judgments ......_.....___,,203
2. Terminating judgments are hypothetical __. ..--..___ __.... ___-.... _.205
3. Terminating judgments and alternatives of action....__....__..207
4. The 'if-then' relation in terminating judgments _______......._.211
5. This relation is not that of strict inlplication ____.._......_...____.212
6. This relation is not that of material implication .._...__________213
7. This relation is not that of formal implication __________________217
8. The implicit generality of terminating judgments ____________219
9. Terminating judgments and contrary-to-fact hypotheses ____220
10. Terminatingudgnlents and the independence of the real .......223
11. Terminating judgments and 'real connections' ___________.........226
12. Further problems _ _ .. _ _ .. _ _ _ _ .. .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 230
13. Objective beliefs are not decisively falsifiable _________________.233
14. Confirmation and disconfirmatin of objective beliefs _______235
15. Supposed further conditions of the test of truth ________________242
16. Objective beliefs are probable only _____246
17. Summary with respect to critical points _________.______247
Chapter IX: THE JUSTIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS
1. Verification and justification _____._ ______ ___________ ___ _254
2 . Justification and foresight __..______ __ __ __ __ ___256
3 . Credibility and truth __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ _257
4. Empirical knowledge is unverified ___________________258
5. Past experience and validity ____._ _______________._259
6. The complexity of empirical knowledge _________________.261
7. Inference from particulars to particulars ____......._______...262
8. Two further considerations _____._ .____ ...___._________263
Chapter X: PROBABILITY
1. Probability and induction __ ________ ___________265
2. Theories of the a priori type _______.. ______. __ _ ____ __266
3. Theories of the empirical type ________________________269
4. Fundamental requirements of an empirical theory ___________276
5. Basic differences of the two types of theory _______________279
6. Difficulties of the empirical type of theory ____....____..282
7. A probability is a valid estimate of a frequency __.._________..__290
8. Reliability of a probability determination ______________.292
9. Three factors of reliability ____________________________298
10. Summary statement _______..__.. __303
11. The Principle of Indifference _______________._____.._____306
Chapter XI: PROBABLE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE VALIDITY OF
MEMORY
1. Justified belief is belief which is probable __.....__....___...........315
2. Empirical knowledge as belief in what is probable ______ ________.316
3. Can such belief have grounds which are sufficient? ..__........325
4. The problem of the validation of memory ...__.__................__..327
5. The epistemological present .....__........... ....___... __.__ ................__.328
6. The threatened regressus of beliefs ...._.______......__.....__......__.....332
7. Coherence and congruence __.... ....__...... ________ ......__338
8. Congruence and the logic of induction ________ ___....343
9. Congruence by itself is not sufficient to validate belief____..349
10. Congruence and memory __.__..__.. -________.__ ..-___....353
11. 'Deductiqn' of the basic validity of memory and of in duction .. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . .. _ 356
BOOK III
VALUATION
Chapter XII: KNOWING, DOING, AND VALUING
1. Valuations are a forn of ernpirical knowledge ______.. ___......365
2. Action and valuation _..____.. ____________.__ _ ____366
3. Practical justification of action _______.. _.._..__ __370
4. The cognitive content of valuations ___.....__.____.. .____..371
5. Types of value-apprehension ____ _____..__ _ __._____373
6. A priori value-predications are not valuations _.__....__....__......378
7. Objective value and immediate value ___________.._____________380
8. Intrinsic value, instrumental value, and utility __.__..382
9. Values in objects are extrinsic __.______ _________388
10. Inherent values __._ ___. _____ __ __ __.. _____ __ .390
11. Summary as to terminology ______.___--_____.__________--...._392
12. Further explanatory remarks ________ ____ _ _._______ _____393
Chapter XIII: THE IMMEDIATELY VALUABLE
1. Values immediately realized are intrinsic _______________397
2. Naturalism in value-theory ______ ____________ _______398
3. The problem of characterizing the immediately valuable ....400
4. Value-disvalue as a mode of presentation ...........................401
5. 'Pleasure' a poor name for the immediately valuable ..........403
6. Is value in direct experience subjective? .....__.__.__..____........__406
7. Imnlediate value as a quality of appearance ........__........406
8. All value in objects is extrinsic __............................._.....__......411
9. Value in objects is potentiality for some realization of value in immediate experlence ...........__......413
10. Subjectivity of value as relativity to what is personal ...........414
11. Are value-qualities more subjective than sense qualities? _.._418
12. Subjective value-apprehension and error in value-judgment . _ 419
13. Immediate value as attaching to presentation ..._.__....._424
14. Immediate value as affected by the context of the presentation ...................._......_....................._....................___-__..__......425
15. An example .....__.__..._..._.._...___.._..___. ...._....427
Chapter XIV: INHERENT VALUE AND THE ESTHETIC
1. Intrinsic value and inherent value ..._..............._.........._...........432
2. Esthetic values are a subclass of inherent values ___.....__....434
3. The active, the cognitive, and the esthetic attitudes............437
4. The broad meaning of 'esthetic' .................................... ._........444
5. The narrower meaning of 'esthetic' ...._.................................446
6. Interests subsidiary to the esthetic ____....____...______..______450
7. Esthetic values and values found in activity ________________453
Chapter XV: ESTHETIC JUDGMENT
1. Esthetic judgment concerns a property of objects .....___..457
2. Comparative evaluations of the esthetic in experience ........462
3. The esthetic character of experience may be judged ..._.__...__464
4. Esthetics and esthetic theory __...__. ___........... ................ ..466
5. Types of esthetic objects ........_.._ ___ ..............__.... __ ._....469
6. The esthetic actuality and its context __.._.._____........__............472
7. The variety of things esthetically valued _............._................476
Chapter XVI: THE MORAL SENSE AND CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
1. Vatue-effects of one experience upon another ....................479
2. The imperative of rationality and the good life ............__......480
3. Values contributory to the good life ........__.....__.................486
4. Critique of the Benthamite calculus of values __..__....__..---...488
5. Value in experiential wholes _____________............495
6. The consummatory character of value in an active life__....497
7. An implication for our relation to others __......__........__..........500
8. A life to be found good in the living of it ................ ...........503
9. Synthetic apprehension of value in experiential wholes ......505
10. Difficulties of such appraisals of value ......__........._................507
11. Practical simplifications of the problem ____.......__..____............509
Chapter XVII: VALUE IN OBJECTS
1. Various modes of predicating value to objects ..........__....511
2. Value as simple potentiality __.__..................._................. ..........512
3. Value as relative to actual conditions ..........__..................516
4. Value relative to persons _________________.__.____..__521
5. Absolute value and comparative value ....................__.........524
6. Relative value and ethics ..............__..__............__.............529
7. Value as relative to humans in general __.....____....___.........__.531
8. Bare utility and instrumental value .............................533
9. Value-significance of names .......................................... .........534
10. Values as relative to control __.........__....__..__.......................537
11. Distinctive modes of evaluation ..........__......__.................539
12. Social value .......... ......... .... ....... ........... ... .......... ........541
13. The assessment of social values __..........__....__......... .........543
14. Social values and ethics ..............__.......__...................551
INDEX .................................................................................557
· · · · · · (收起)
Preface ..................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: KNOWLEDGE, ACTION, AND EVALUATION
1. To know is to apprehend the future as qualified by values
which action may realize ____._______.__.__________._____.......__.________.__. 3
2. The meaning of 'action' ....______.__________....__.._______...__..__.....__....... 5
3. The meaning of 'knowledge' ____...____.______...______..____....__.__........ 9
4. Knowledge and meaning ______.__.....__________.........__._____.________.___.... 11
5. Only an active being could have knowledge ........______..........__ 16
6. Empirical knowledge predicts experience as consequence
of action ..... _.... ... . ..... ..... _ ..... _ ...... ... . ............ .... .. _. .. _ ... _. 21
Chapter II: KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND MEANING
1. The two types of knowledge ________._________________________________ .____.... 24
2. Usual requirements of knowledge ....__..____..___..______.__.......__..... 27
3. Three types of apprehension __...____...._________......_..____________...__.. 29
BOOK I
MEANING AND ANALYTIC TRUTH
Chapter III: THE MODES OF l1EANING
1. The a priori and the analytic .....__................__.........__..__..__...... 35
2. Summary of theses in Book I __...........................__.........__.__... 36
3. The four modes of the meaning of terms ....__............__......__ 38
4. The meaning of propositions and statements .......__...__.....__. 48
5. Modes of propositional meaning ___._________._______.________ 55
6. Propositional functions and statement functions ___.____________ 58
7. Intensional meaning and extensional meaning ______________...__. 65
Chapter IV: MEANING AND LANGUAGE
1. Broader aspects of meaning ___..__..__..__..____.....__..__.__.________________ 71
2. Symbols and expressions __.... __.__._________.__. 73
3. Elementary and conlplex expressions ..___________...._____..__ 78
4. All words have meaning ....--..__-_..___________________..__ 79
5. Analytic meaning .._ .--....-..________.__.._ ______ -- .__.___. 83
6. Synonymous expressions ________...___..__...... 85
7. Holophrastic meaning and analytic meaning ____._______._____.. 87
8. Implicitly analytic and explicitly analytic statements ..____.__. 89
9. Analytic statements impose no restrictions on the actual _.. 93
Chapter V: DEFINITIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, AND LOGIC
1. The conventionalist view _______.______________________... 96
2. Types of definitive statenlent ____..___...._____.______.__...______ 97
3. Symbolic conventions, dictionary definitions, and explicative statements _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 99
4. Quoted constituents in expressions ______________101
5. Figurative expressions and literal equivalents ____ _________102
6. The three senses of 'definition' ______..____________.___105
7. Equivalence by convention and equivalence of meaning ____107
8. Definitions and formal rules _.....__..__________....____..______..111
9 . Formal statements .....______.____..__.._.. ...... .....__...113
10. Formal statements and logic .....__......___.........__..........115
11. A simple example __._.._..........................._............116
12. A second example ..............................__...._.........119
13. All truths of logic are analytic formal statements ..............122
14. Not all analytic statements belong to logic ......................_.....124
Chapter VI: LINGUISTIC MEANING AND SENSE MEANING
1. Two aspects of intensional meaning ...............__........... .........131
2. Requirements of sense meaning .....................__............. ..........134
3. Sense meaning as criterion of application ...................._.._......136
4. Meaning as linguistically determined ..........._..........__.........__.138
5. Linguistic meaning and the analytic ..._...........___..._............____140
6. Linguistic meaning and communication_____..__________.____.._.......143
7. The priority of sense meaning ........___........_.._____....____.__..._.._...14S
8. Linguistic conventions .___..________........____...149
9. Sense meaning and the analytic __...._____.____..__..__.._...____..151
10. Analytic truth as relations of criteria _______.......__..__....._ .____..152
11. Entailment and incompatibility amongst sense-recognizable
characters _____ _.. _. _.. ._____. _ .____ __._ ____ __ _.____ ___ __ _ ____.___ _____.154
12. Three factors in determining analytic truth ._..___....___.....155
13. The question of the synthetic a priori _____..........._..___....._158
14. The analytic and the formally derivable ........_.______.....163
BOOK II
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Chapter VII: THE BASES OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Enlpirical truth can be known only through presentations
of sense ._... __ _. __ _. _. _.171
2. Knowledge by direct perception .____.........._______. ..____....172
3. The implications of an objective empirical belief........_.......175
4. Expressive language _.__________.__...._...___.--.....___....._____..178
s. Three classes of empirical statements ____...._..___.. ..........__...._.182
6. Presentational certainties and objective probabilities ._.......185
7. The given and its interpretation ____....__..__.......___.._...__.._........_188
8. Confirmations of non-terminating judgments __....__....___...l90
9. The operational conception of meaning _______.__..________....__..._.195
10. Knowledge of the past __..__..___.._________u______ ......_..197
11. Pragmatism and ubjectivism _..______..__....______....__....__200
Chapter VIII: TERMINATING JUDGMENTS AND OBJECTIVE BELIEFS
1. The general character of terminating judgments ......_.....___,,203
2. Terminating judgments are hypothetical __. ..--..___ __.... ___-.... _.205
3. Terminating judgments and alternatives of action....__....__..207
4. The 'if-then' relation in terminating judgments _______......._.211
5. This relation is not that of strict inlplication ____.._......_...____.212
6. This relation is not that of material implication .._...__________213
7. This relation is not that of formal implication __________________217
8. The implicit generality of terminating judgments ____________219
9. Terminating judgments and contrary-to-fact hypotheses ____220
10. Terminatingudgnlents and the independence of the real .......223
11. Terminating judgments and 'real connections' ___________.........226
12. Further problems _ _ .. _ _ .. _ _ _ _ .. .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 230
13. Objective beliefs are not decisively falsifiable _________________.233
14. Confirmation and disconfirmatin of objective beliefs _______235
15. Supposed further conditions of the test of truth ________________242
16. Objective beliefs are probable only _____246
17. Summary with respect to critical points _________.______247
Chapter IX: THE JUSTIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS
1. Verification and justification _____._ ______ ___________ ___ _254
2 . Justification and foresight __..______ __ __ __ __ ___256
3 . Credibility and truth __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ _257
4. Empirical knowledge is unverified ___________________258
5. Past experience and validity ____._ _______________._259
6. The complexity of empirical knowledge _________________.261
7. Inference from particulars to particulars ____......._______...262
8. Two further considerations _____._ .____ ...___._________263
Chapter X: PROBABILITY
1. Probability and induction __ ________ ___________265
2. Theories of the a priori type _______.. ______. __ _ ____ __266
3. Theories of the empirical type ________________________269
4. Fundamental requirements of an empirical theory ___________276
5. Basic differences of the two types of theory _______________279
6. Difficulties of the empirical type of theory ____....____..282
7. A probability is a valid estimate of a frequency __.._________..__290
8. Reliability of a probability determination ______________.292
9. Three factors of reliability ____________________________298
10. Summary statement _______..__.. __303
11. The Principle of Indifference _______________._____.._____306
Chapter XI: PROBABLE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE VALIDITY OF
MEMORY
1. Justified belief is belief which is probable __.....__....___...........315
2. Empirical knowledge as belief in what is probable ______ ________.316
3. Can such belief have grounds which are sufficient? ..__........325
4. The problem of the validation of memory ...__.__................__..327
5. The epistemological present .....__........... ....___... __.__ ................__.328
6. The threatened regressus of beliefs ...._.______......__.....__......__.....332
7. Coherence and congruence __.... ....__...... ________ ......__338
8. Congruence and the logic of induction ________ ___....343
9. Congruence by itself is not sufficient to validate belief____..349
10. Congruence and memory __.__..__.. -________.__ ..-___....353
11. 'Deductiqn' of the basic validity of memory and of in duction .. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . .. _ 356
BOOK III
VALUATION
Chapter XII: KNOWING, DOING, AND VALUING
1. Valuations are a forn of ernpirical knowledge ______.. ___......365
2. Action and valuation _..____.. ____________.__ _ ____366
3. Practical justification of action _______.. _.._..__ __370
4. The cognitive content of valuations ___.....__.____.. .____..371
5. Types of value-apprehension ____ _____..__ _ __._____373
6. A priori value-predications are not valuations _.__....__....__......378
7. Objective value and immediate value ___________.._____________380
8. Intrinsic value, instrumental value, and utility __.__..382
9. Values in objects are extrinsic __.______ _________388
10. Inherent values __._ ___. _____ __ __ __.. _____ __ .390
11. Summary as to terminology ______.___--_____.__________--...._392
12. Further explanatory remarks ________ ____ _ _._______ _____393
Chapter XIII: THE IMMEDIATELY VALUABLE
1. Values immediately realized are intrinsic _______________397
2. Naturalism in value-theory ______ ____________ _______398
3. The problem of characterizing the immediately valuable ....400
4. Value-disvalue as a mode of presentation ...........................401
5. 'Pleasure' a poor name for the immediately valuable ..........403
6. Is value in direct experience subjective? .....__.__.__..____........__406
7. Imnlediate value as a quality of appearance ........__........406
8. All value in objects is extrinsic __............................._.....__......411
9. Value in objects is potentiality for some realization of value in immediate experlence ...........__......413
10. Subjectivity of value as relativity to what is personal ...........414
11. Are value-qualities more subjective than sense qualities? _.._418
12. Subjective value-apprehension and error in value-judgment . _ 419
13. Immediate value as attaching to presentation ..._.__....._424
14. Immediate value as affected by the context of the presentation ...................._......_....................._....................___-__..__......425
15. An example .....__.__..._..._.._...___.._..___. ...._....427
Chapter XIV: INHERENT VALUE AND THE ESTHETIC
1. Intrinsic value and inherent value ..._..............._.........._...........432
2. Esthetic values are a subclass of inherent values ___.....__....434
3. The active, the cognitive, and the esthetic attitudes............437
4. The broad meaning of 'esthetic' .................................... ._........444
5. The narrower meaning of 'esthetic' ...._.................................446
6. Interests subsidiary to the esthetic ____....____...______..______450
7. Esthetic values and values found in activity ________________453
Chapter XV: ESTHETIC JUDGMENT
1. Esthetic judgment concerns a property of objects .....___..457
2. Comparative evaluations of the esthetic in experience ........462
3. The esthetic character of experience may be judged ..._.__...__464
4. Esthetics and esthetic theory __...__. ___........... ................ ..466
5. Types of esthetic objects ........_.._ ___ ..............__.... __ ._....469
6. The esthetic actuality and its context __.._.._____........__............472
7. The variety of things esthetically valued _............._................476
Chapter XVI: THE MORAL SENSE AND CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
1. Vatue-effects of one experience upon another ....................479
2. The imperative of rationality and the good life ............__......480
3. Values contributory to the good life ........__.....__.................486
4. Critique of the Benthamite calculus of values __..__....__..---...488
5. Value in experiential wholes _____________............495
6. The consummatory character of value in an active life__....497
7. An implication for our relation to others __......__........__..........500
8. A life to be found good in the living of it ................ ...........503
9. Synthetic apprehension of value in experiential wholes ......505
10. Difficulties of such appraisals of value ......__........._................507
11. Practical simplifications of the problem ____.......__..____............509
Chapter XVII: VALUE IN OBJECTS
1. Various modes of predicating value to objects ..........__....511
2. Value as simple potentiality __.__..................._................. ..........512
3. Value as relative to actual conditions ..........__..................516
4. Value relative to persons _________________.__.____..__521
5. Absolute value and comparative value ....................__.........524
6. Relative value and ethics ..............__..__............__.............529
7. Value as relative to humans in general __.....____....___.........__.531
8. Bare utility and instrumental value .............................533
9. Value-significance of names .......................................... .........534
10. Values as relative to control __.........__....__..__.......................537
11. Distinctive modes of evaluation ..........__......__.................539
12. Social value .......... ......... .... ....... ........... ... .......... ........541
13. The assessment of social values __..........__....__......... .........543
14. Social values and ethics ..............__.......__...................551
INDEX .................................................................................557
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Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
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