具体描述
作者简介
目录信息
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ..................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: KNOWLEDGE, ACTION, AND EVALUATION
1. To know is to apprehend the future as qualified by values
which action may realize ____._______.__.__________._____.......__.________.__. 3
2. The meaning of 'action' ....______.__________....__.._______...__..__.....__....... 5
3. The meaning of 'knowledge' ____...____.______...______..____....__.__........ 9
4. Knowledge and meaning ______.__.....__________.........__._____.________.___.... 11
5. Only an active being could have knowledge ........______..........__ 16
6. Empirical knowledge predicts experience as consequence
of action ..... _.... ... . ..... ..... _ ..... _ ...... ... . ............ .... .. _. .. _ ... _. 21
Chapter II: KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND MEANING
1. The two types of knowledge ________._________________________________ .____.... 24
2. Usual requirements of knowledge ....__..____..___..______.__.......__..... 27
3. Three types of apprehension __...____...._________......_..____________...__.. 29
BOOK I
MEANING AND ANALYTIC TRUTH
Chapter III: THE MODES OF l1EANING
1. The a priori and the analytic .....__................__.........__..__..__...... 35
2. Summary of theses in Book I __...........................__.........__.__... 36
3. The four modes of the meaning of terms ....__............__......__ 38
4. The meaning of propositions and statements .......__...__.....__. 48
5. Modes of propositional meaning ___._________._______.________ 55
6. Propositional functions and statement functions ___.____________ 58
7. Intensional meaning and extensional meaning ______________...__. 65
Chapter IV: MEANING AND LANGUAGE
1. Broader aspects of meaning ___..__..__..__..____.....__..__.__.________________ 71
2. Symbols and expressions __.... __.__._________.__. 73
3. Elementary and conlplex expressions ..___________...._____..__ 78
4. All words have meaning ....--..__-_..___________________..__ 79
5. Analytic meaning .._ .--....-..________.__.._ ______ -- .__.___. 83
6. Synonymous expressions ________...___..__...... 85
7. Holophrastic meaning and analytic meaning ____._______._____.. 87
8. Implicitly analytic and explicitly analytic statements ..____.__. 89
9. Analytic statements impose no restrictions on the actual _.. 93
Chapter V: DEFINITIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, AND LOGIC
1. The conventionalist view _______.______________________... 96
2. Types of definitive statenlent ____..___...._____.______.__...______ 97
3. Symbolic conventions, dictionary definitions, and explicative statements _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 99
4. Quoted constituents in expressions ______________101
5. Figurative expressions and literal equivalents ____ _________102
6. The three senses of 'definition' ______..____________.___105
7. Equivalence by convention and equivalence of meaning ____107
8. Definitions and formal rules _.....__..__________....____..______..111
9 . Formal statements .....______.____..__.._.. ...... .....__...113
10. Formal statements and logic .....__......___.........__..........115
11. A simple example __._.._..........................._............116
12. A second example ..............................__...._.........119
13. All truths of logic are analytic formal statements ..............122
14. Not all analytic statements belong to logic ......................_.....124
Chapter VI: LINGUISTIC MEANING AND SENSE MEANING
1. Two aspects of intensional meaning ...............__........... .........131
2. Requirements of sense meaning .....................__............. ..........134
3. Sense meaning as criterion of application ...................._.._......136
4. Meaning as linguistically determined ..........._..........__.........__.138
5. Linguistic meaning and the analytic ..._...........___..._............____140
6. Linguistic meaning and communication_____..__________.____.._.......143
7. The priority of sense meaning ........___........_.._____....____.__..._.._...14S
8. Linguistic conventions .___..________........____...149
9. Sense meaning and the analytic __...._____.____..__..__.._...____..151
10. Analytic truth as relations of criteria _______.......__..__....._ .____..152
11. Entailment and incompatibility amongst sense-recognizable
characters _____ _.. _. _.. ._____. _ .____ __._ ____ __ _.____ ___ __ _ ____.___ _____.154
12. Three factors in determining analytic truth ._..___....___.....155
13. The question of the synthetic a priori _____..........._..___....._158
14. The analytic and the formally derivable ........_.______.....163
BOOK II
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Chapter VII: THE BASES OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Enlpirical truth can be known only through presentations
of sense ._... __ _. __ _. _. _.171
2. Knowledge by direct perception .____.........._______. ..____....172
3. The implications of an objective empirical belief........_.......175
4. Expressive language _.__________.__...._...___.--.....___....._____..178
s. Three classes of empirical statements ____...._..___.. ..........__...._.182
6. Presentational certainties and objective probabilities ._.......185
7. The given and its interpretation ____....__..__.......___.._...__.._........_188
8. Confirmations of non-terminating judgments __....__....___...l90
9. The operational conception of meaning _______.__..________....__..._.195
10. Knowledge of the past __..__..___.._________u______ ......_..197
11. Pragmatism and ubjectivism _..______..__....______....__....__200
Chapter VIII: TERMINATING JUDGMENTS AND OBJECTIVE BELIEFS
1. The general character of terminating judgments ......_.....___,,203
2. Terminating judgments are hypothetical __. ..--..___ __.... ___-.... _.205
3. Terminating judgments and alternatives of action....__....__..207
4. The 'if-then' relation in terminating judgments _______......._.211
5. This relation is not that of strict inlplication ____.._......_...____.212
6. This relation is not that of material implication .._...__________213
7. This relation is not that of formal implication __________________217
8. The implicit generality of terminating judgments ____________219
9. Terminating judgments and contrary-to-fact hypotheses ____220
10. Terminatingudgnlents and the independence of the real .......223
11. Terminating judgments and 'real connections' ___________.........226
12. Further problems _ _ .. _ _ .. _ _ _ _ .. .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 230
13. Objective beliefs are not decisively falsifiable _________________.233
14. Confirmation and disconfirmatin of objective beliefs _______235
15. Supposed further conditions of the test of truth ________________242
16. Objective beliefs are probable only _____246
17. Summary with respect to critical points _________.______247
Chapter IX: THE JUSTIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS
1. Verification and justification _____._ ______ ___________ ___ _254
2 . Justification and foresight __..______ __ __ __ __ ___256
3 . Credibility and truth __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ _257
4. Empirical knowledge is unverified ___________________258
5. Past experience and validity ____._ _______________._259
6. The complexity of empirical knowledge _________________.261
7. Inference from particulars to particulars ____......._______...262
8. Two further considerations _____._ .____ ...___._________263
Chapter X: PROBABILITY
1. Probability and induction __ ________ ___________265
2. Theories of the a priori type _______.. ______. __ _ ____ __266
3. Theories of the empirical type ________________________269
4. Fundamental requirements of an empirical theory ___________276
5. Basic differences of the two types of theory _______________279
6. Difficulties of the empirical type of theory ____....____..282
7. A probability is a valid estimate of a frequency __.._________..__290
8. Reliability of a probability determination ______________.292
9. Three factors of reliability ____________________________298
10. Summary statement _______..__.. __303
11. The Principle of Indifference _______________._____.._____306
Chapter XI: PROBABLE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE VALIDITY OF
MEMORY
1. Justified belief is belief which is probable __.....__....___...........315
2. Empirical knowledge as belief in what is probable ______ ________.316
3. Can such belief have grounds which are sufficient? ..__........325
4. The problem of the validation of memory ...__.__................__..327
5. The epistemological present .....__........... ....___... __.__ ................__.328
6. The threatened regressus of beliefs ...._.______......__.....__......__.....332
7. Coherence and congruence __.... ....__...... ________ ......__338
8. Congruence and the logic of induction ________ ___....343
9. Congruence by itself is not sufficient to validate belief____..349
10. Congruence and memory __.__..__.. -________.__ ..-___....353
11. 'Deductiqn' of the basic validity of memory and of in duction .. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . .. _ 356
BOOK III
VALUATION
Chapter XII: KNOWING, DOING, AND VALUING
1. Valuations are a forn of ernpirical knowledge ______.. ___......365
2. Action and valuation _..____.. ____________.__ _ ____366
3. Practical justification of action _______.. _.._..__ __370
4. The cognitive content of valuations ___.....__.____.. .____..371
5. Types of value-apprehension ____ _____..__ _ __._____373
6. A priori value-predications are not valuations _.__....__....__......378
7. Objective value and immediate value ___________.._____________380
8. Intrinsic value, instrumental value, and utility __.__..382
9. Values in objects are extrinsic __.______ _________388
10. Inherent values __._ ___. _____ __ __ __.. _____ __ .390
11. Summary as to terminology ______.___--_____.__________--...._392
12. Further explanatory remarks ________ ____ _ _._______ _____393
Chapter XIII: THE IMMEDIATELY VALUABLE
1. Values immediately realized are intrinsic _______________397
2. Naturalism in value-theory ______ ____________ _______398
3. The problem of characterizing the immediately valuable ....400
4. Value-disvalue as a mode of presentation ...........................401
5. 'Pleasure' a poor name for the immediately valuable ..........403
6. Is value in direct experience subjective? .....__.__.__..____........__406
7. Imnlediate value as a quality of appearance ........__........406
8. All value in objects is extrinsic __............................._.....__......411
9. Value in objects is potentiality for some realization of value in immediate experlence ...........__......413
10. Subjectivity of value as relativity to what is personal ...........414
11. Are value-qualities more subjective than sense qualities? _.._418
12. Subjective value-apprehension and error in value-judgment . _ 419
13. Immediate value as attaching to presentation ..._.__....._424
14. Immediate value as affected by the context of the presentation ...................._......_....................._....................___-__..__......425
15. An example .....__.__..._..._.._...___.._..___. ...._....427
Chapter XIV: INHERENT VALUE AND THE ESTHETIC
1. Intrinsic value and inherent value ..._..............._.........._...........432
2. Esthetic values are a subclass of inherent values ___.....__....434
3. The active, the cognitive, and the esthetic attitudes............437
4. The broad meaning of 'esthetic' .................................... ._........444
5. The narrower meaning of 'esthetic' ...._.................................446
6. Interests subsidiary to the esthetic ____....____...______..______450
7. Esthetic values and values found in activity ________________453
Chapter XV: ESTHETIC JUDGMENT
1. Esthetic judgment concerns a property of objects .....___..457
2. Comparative evaluations of the esthetic in experience ........462
3. The esthetic character of experience may be judged ..._.__...__464
4. Esthetics and esthetic theory __...__. ___........... ................ ..466
5. Types of esthetic objects ........_.._ ___ ..............__.... __ ._....469
6. The esthetic actuality and its context __.._.._____........__............472
7. The variety of things esthetically valued _............._................476
Chapter XVI: THE MORAL SENSE AND CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
1. Vatue-effects of one experience upon another ....................479
2. The imperative of rationality and the good life ............__......480
3. Values contributory to the good life ........__.....__.................486
4. Critique of the Benthamite calculus of values __..__....__..---...488
5. Value in experiential wholes _____________............495
6. The consummatory character of value in an active life__....497
7. An implication for our relation to others __......__........__..........500
8. A life to be found good in the living of it ................ ...........503
9. Synthetic apprehension of value in experiential wholes ......505
10. Difficulties of such appraisals of value ......__........._................507
11. Practical simplifications of the problem ____.......__..____............509
Chapter XVII: VALUE IN OBJECTS
1. Various modes of predicating value to objects ..........__....511
2. Value as simple potentiality __.__..................._................. ..........512
3. Value as relative to actual conditions ..........__..................516
4. Value relative to persons _________________.__.____..__521
5. Absolute value and comparative value ....................__.........524
6. Relative value and ethics ..............__..__............__.............529
7. Value as relative to humans in general __.....____....___.........__.531
8. Bare utility and instrumental value .............................533
9. Value-significance of names .......................................... .........534
10. Values as relative to control __.........__....__..__.......................537
11. Distinctive modes of evaluation ..........__......__.................539
12. Social value .......... ......... .... ....... ........... ... .......... ........541
13. The assessment of social values __..........__....__......... .........543
14. Social values and ethics ..............__.......__...................551
INDEX .................................................................................557
· · · · · · (收起)
Preface ..................................................................vii
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: KNOWLEDGE, ACTION, AND EVALUATION
1. To know is to apprehend the future as qualified by values
which action may realize ____._______.__.__________._____.......__.________.__. 3
2. The meaning of 'action' ....______.__________....__.._______...__..__.....__....... 5
3. The meaning of 'knowledge' ____...____.______...______..____....__.__........ 9
4. Knowledge and meaning ______.__.....__________.........__._____.________.___.... 11
5. Only an active being could have knowledge ........______..........__ 16
6. Empirical knowledge predicts experience as consequence
of action ..... _.... ... . ..... ..... _ ..... _ ...... ... . ............ .... .. _. .. _ ... _. 21
Chapter II: KNOWLEDGE, EXPERIENCE, AND MEANING
1. The two types of knowledge ________._________________________________ .____.... 24
2. Usual requirements of knowledge ....__..____..___..______.__.......__..... 27
3. Three types of apprehension __...____...._________......_..____________...__.. 29
BOOK I
MEANING AND ANALYTIC TRUTH
Chapter III: THE MODES OF l1EANING
1. The a priori and the analytic .....__................__.........__..__..__...... 35
2. Summary of theses in Book I __...........................__.........__.__... 36
3. The four modes of the meaning of terms ....__............__......__ 38
4. The meaning of propositions and statements .......__...__.....__. 48
5. Modes of propositional meaning ___._________._______.________ 55
6. Propositional functions and statement functions ___.____________ 58
7. Intensional meaning and extensional meaning ______________...__. 65
Chapter IV: MEANING AND LANGUAGE
1. Broader aspects of meaning ___..__..__..__..____.....__..__.__.________________ 71
2. Symbols and expressions __.... __.__._________.__. 73
3. Elementary and conlplex expressions ..___________...._____..__ 78
4. All words have meaning ....--..__-_..___________________..__ 79
5. Analytic meaning .._ .--....-..________.__.._ ______ -- .__.___. 83
6. Synonymous expressions ________...___..__...... 85
7. Holophrastic meaning and analytic meaning ____._______._____.. 87
8. Implicitly analytic and explicitly analytic statements ..____.__. 89
9. Analytic statements impose no restrictions on the actual _.. 93
Chapter V: DEFINITIONS, FORMAL STATEMENTS, AND LOGIC
1. The conventionalist view _______.______________________... 96
2. Types of definitive statenlent ____..___...._____.______.__...______ 97
3. Symbolic conventions, dictionary definitions, and explicative statements _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ 99
4. Quoted constituents in expressions ______________101
5. Figurative expressions and literal equivalents ____ _________102
6. The three senses of 'definition' ______..____________.___105
7. Equivalence by convention and equivalence of meaning ____107
8. Definitions and formal rules _.....__..__________....____..______..111
9 . Formal statements .....______.____..__.._.. ...... .....__...113
10. Formal statements and logic .....__......___.........__..........115
11. A simple example __._.._..........................._............116
12. A second example ..............................__...._.........119
13. All truths of logic are analytic formal statements ..............122
14. Not all analytic statements belong to logic ......................_.....124
Chapter VI: LINGUISTIC MEANING AND SENSE MEANING
1. Two aspects of intensional meaning ...............__........... .........131
2. Requirements of sense meaning .....................__............. ..........134
3. Sense meaning as criterion of application ...................._.._......136
4. Meaning as linguistically determined ..........._..........__.........__.138
5. Linguistic meaning and the analytic ..._...........___..._............____140
6. Linguistic meaning and communication_____..__________.____.._.......143
7. The priority of sense meaning ........___........_.._____....____.__..._.._...14S
8. Linguistic conventions .___..________........____...149
9. Sense meaning and the analytic __...._____.____..__..__.._...____..151
10. Analytic truth as relations of criteria _______.......__..__....._ .____..152
11. Entailment and incompatibility amongst sense-recognizable
characters _____ _.. _. _.. ._____. _ .____ __._ ____ __ _.____ ___ __ _ ____.___ _____.154
12. Three factors in determining analytic truth ._..___....___.....155
13. The question of the synthetic a priori _____..........._..___....._158
14. The analytic and the formally derivable ........_.______.....163
BOOK II
EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
Chapter VII: THE BASES OF EMPIRICAL KNOWLEDGE
1. Enlpirical truth can be known only through presentations
of sense ._... __ _. __ _. _. _.171
2. Knowledge by direct perception .____.........._______. ..____....172
3. The implications of an objective empirical belief........_.......175
4. Expressive language _.__________.__...._...___.--.....___....._____..178
s. Three classes of empirical statements ____...._..___.. ..........__...._.182
6. Presentational certainties and objective probabilities ._.......185
7. The given and its interpretation ____....__..__.......___.._...__.._........_188
8. Confirmations of non-terminating judgments __....__....___...l90
9. The operational conception of meaning _______.__..________....__..._.195
10. Knowledge of the past __..__..___.._________u______ ......_..197
11. Pragmatism and ubjectivism _..______..__....______....__....__200
Chapter VIII: TERMINATING JUDGMENTS AND OBJECTIVE BELIEFS
1. The general character of terminating judgments ......_.....___,,203
2. Terminating judgments are hypothetical __. ..--..___ __.... ___-.... _.205
3. Terminating judgments and alternatives of action....__....__..207
4. The 'if-then' relation in terminating judgments _______......._.211
5. This relation is not that of strict inlplication ____.._......_...____.212
6. This relation is not that of material implication .._...__________213
7. This relation is not that of formal implication __________________217
8. The implicit generality of terminating judgments ____________219
9. Terminating judgments and contrary-to-fact hypotheses ____220
10. Terminatingudgnlents and the independence of the real .......223
11. Terminating judgments and 'real connections' ___________.........226
12. Further problems _ _ .. _ _ .. _ _ _ _ .. .. _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ 230
13. Objective beliefs are not decisively falsifiable _________________.233
14. Confirmation and disconfirmatin of objective beliefs _______235
15. Supposed further conditions of the test of truth ________________242
16. Objective beliefs are probable only _____246
17. Summary with respect to critical points _________.______247
Chapter IX: THE JUSTIFICATION OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS
1. Verification and justification _____._ ______ ___________ ___ _254
2 . Justification and foresight __..______ __ __ __ __ ___256
3 . Credibility and truth __ ___ __ ____ __ __ __ ____ ____ __ __ __ __ _257
4. Empirical knowledge is unverified ___________________258
5. Past experience and validity ____._ _______________._259
6. The complexity of empirical knowledge _________________.261
7. Inference from particulars to particulars ____......._______...262
8. Two further considerations _____._ .____ ...___._________263
Chapter X: PROBABILITY
1. Probability and induction __ ________ ___________265
2. Theories of the a priori type _______.. ______. __ _ ____ __266
3. Theories of the empirical type ________________________269
4. Fundamental requirements of an empirical theory ___________276
5. Basic differences of the two types of theory _______________279
6. Difficulties of the empirical type of theory ____....____..282
7. A probability is a valid estimate of a frequency __.._________..__290
8. Reliability of a probability determination ______________.292
9. Three factors of reliability ____________________________298
10. Summary statement _______..__.. __303
11. The Principle of Indifference _______________._____.._____306
Chapter XI: PROBABLE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE VALIDITY OF
MEMORY
1. Justified belief is belief which is probable __.....__....___...........315
2. Empirical knowledge as belief in what is probable ______ ________.316
3. Can such belief have grounds which are sufficient? ..__........325
4. The problem of the validation of memory ...__.__................__..327
5. The epistemological present .....__........... ....___... __.__ ................__.328
6. The threatened regressus of beliefs ...._.______......__.....__......__.....332
7. Coherence and congruence __.... ....__...... ________ ......__338
8. Congruence and the logic of induction ________ ___....343
9. Congruence by itself is not sufficient to validate belief____..349
10. Congruence and memory __.__..__.. -________.__ ..-___....353
11. 'Deductiqn' of the basic validity of memory and of in duction .. _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . .. _ 356
BOOK III
VALUATION
Chapter XII: KNOWING, DOING, AND VALUING
1. Valuations are a forn of ernpirical knowledge ______.. ___......365
2. Action and valuation _..____.. ____________.__ _ ____366
3. Practical justification of action _______.. _.._..__ __370
4. The cognitive content of valuations ___.....__.____.. .____..371
5. Types of value-apprehension ____ _____..__ _ __._____373
6. A priori value-predications are not valuations _.__....__....__......378
7. Objective value and immediate value ___________.._____________380
8. Intrinsic value, instrumental value, and utility __.__..382
9. Values in objects are extrinsic __.______ _________388
10. Inherent values __._ ___. _____ __ __ __.. _____ __ .390
11. Summary as to terminology ______.___--_____.__________--...._392
12. Further explanatory remarks ________ ____ _ _._______ _____393
Chapter XIII: THE IMMEDIATELY VALUABLE
1. Values immediately realized are intrinsic _______________397
2. Naturalism in value-theory ______ ____________ _______398
3. The problem of characterizing the immediately valuable ....400
4. Value-disvalue as a mode of presentation ...........................401
5. 'Pleasure' a poor name for the immediately valuable ..........403
6. Is value in direct experience subjective? .....__.__.__..____........__406
7. Imnlediate value as a quality of appearance ........__........406
8. All value in objects is extrinsic __............................._.....__......411
9. Value in objects is potentiality for some realization of value in immediate experlence ...........__......413
10. Subjectivity of value as relativity to what is personal ...........414
11. Are value-qualities more subjective than sense qualities? _.._418
12. Subjective value-apprehension and error in value-judgment . _ 419
13. Immediate value as attaching to presentation ..._.__....._424
14. Immediate value as affected by the context of the presentation ...................._......_....................._....................___-__..__......425
15. An example .....__.__..._..._.._...___.._..___. ...._....427
Chapter XIV: INHERENT VALUE AND THE ESTHETIC
1. Intrinsic value and inherent value ..._..............._.........._...........432
2. Esthetic values are a subclass of inherent values ___.....__....434
3. The active, the cognitive, and the esthetic attitudes............437
4. The broad meaning of 'esthetic' .................................... ._........444
5. The narrower meaning of 'esthetic' ...._.................................446
6. Interests subsidiary to the esthetic ____....____...______..______450
7. Esthetic values and values found in activity ________________453
Chapter XV: ESTHETIC JUDGMENT
1. Esthetic judgment concerns a property of objects .....___..457
2. Comparative evaluations of the esthetic in experience ........462
3. The esthetic character of experience may be judged ..._.__...__464
4. Esthetics and esthetic theory __...__. ___........... ................ ..466
5. Types of esthetic objects ........_.._ ___ ..............__.... __ ._....469
6. The esthetic actuality and its context __.._.._____........__............472
7. The variety of things esthetically valued _............._................476
Chapter XVI: THE MORAL SENSE AND CONTRIBUTORY VALUES
1. Vatue-effects of one experience upon another ....................479
2. The imperative of rationality and the good life ............__......480
3. Values contributory to the good life ........__.....__.................486
4. Critique of the Benthamite calculus of values __..__....__..---...488
5. Value in experiential wholes _____________............495
6. The consummatory character of value in an active life__....497
7. An implication for our relation to others __......__........__..........500
8. A life to be found good in the living of it ................ ...........503
9. Synthetic apprehension of value in experiential wholes ......505
10. Difficulties of such appraisals of value ......__........._................507
11. Practical simplifications of the problem ____.......__..____............509
Chapter XVII: VALUE IN OBJECTS
1. Various modes of predicating value to objects ..........__....511
2. Value as simple potentiality __.__..................._................. ..........512
3. Value as relative to actual conditions ..........__..................516
4. Value relative to persons _________________.__.____..__521
5. Absolute value and comparative value ....................__.........524
6. Relative value and ethics ..............__..__............__.............529
7. Value as relative to humans in general __.....____....___.........__.531
8. Bare utility and instrumental value .............................533
9. Value-significance of names .......................................... .........534
10. Values as relative to control __.........__....__..__.......................537
11. Distinctive modes of evaluation ..........__......__.................539
12. Social value .......... ......... .... ....... ........... ... .......... ........541
13. The assessment of social values __..........__....__......... .........543
14. Social values and ethics ..............__.......__...................551
INDEX .................................................................................557
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
评分
评分
评分
评分
评分
用户评价
评分
Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
评分Lewis 比Putnam还是好一点的…… 呃…… 真是不make sense…… 偶可怜的英语啊……
相关图书
本站所有内容均为互联网搜索引擎提供的公开搜索信息，本站不存储任何数据与内容，任何内容与数据均与本站无关，如有需要请联系相关搜索引擎包括但不限于百度，google,bing,sogou 等
© 2025 book.quotespace.org All Rights Reserved. 小美书屋 版权所有