Preface
Part 1: Introductory Concepts
1. Articulation and Acoustics
1.1 Speech Production
1.2 Sound Waves
1.3 Place of Articulatory Gestures
1.3.1. Bilabial
1.3.2. Labiodental
1.3.3. Dental
1.3.4. Alveolar
1.3.5. Retroflex
1.3.6. Palato-Alveolar
1.3.7. Palatal
1.3.8. Velar
1.4 The Oro-Nasal Process
1.5 Manners of Articulation
1.5.1. Stop
1.5.1.1 Oral stop
1.5.1.2 Nasal stop
1.5.2. Fricative
1.5.3. Approximant
1.5.4. Lateral (Approximant)
1.5.5. Additional Consonantal Gesture
1.6 The Waveforms of Consonants
1.7 The Articulation of Vowel Sounds
1.8 The Sounds of Vowels
1.9 Supersegmentals
2. Phonology and Phonetic Transcription
2.1 The Transcription of Consonants
2.2 The Transcription of Vowels
2.3 Consonants and Vowel Charts
2.4 Phonology
Part 2: English Phonetics
3. The Consonants of English
3.1 Stop Consonants
3.2 Fricatives
3.3 Affricates
3.4 Nasals
3.5 Approximants
3.6 Overlapping Gestures
3.7 Rules for English Consonants Allophones
3.8 Diacritics
4. English Vowels
4.1 Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries
4.2 Vowel Quality
4.3 Unstressed Syllables
4.4 Tense and Lax Vowels
4.5 Rules for English Vowel Allophones
5. English Words and Sentences
5.1 Words in Connected Speech
5.2 Stress
5.3 Degrees of Stress
5.4 Sentence Stress
5.5 Intonation
5.6 Target Tones
Part 3: General Phonetics
6. Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types
6.1 Airstream Mechanisms
6.2 Stages of the Glottis
6.3 Voice Onset Time
6.4 Summary of Actions of the Glottis
7. Consonantal Gesture
7.1 Articulatory Targets
7.2 Types of Articulatory Gestures
7.2.1 Stops
7.2.2 Nasals
7.2.3 Fricatives
7.2.4 Trills, Taps, and Flaps
7.2.5 Laterals
7.3 Summary of Manners of Articulation
8. Acoustic Phonetics
8.1 Formants
8.2 Acoustic Analysis
8.3 Acoustics of Consonants
8.4 Interpreting Spectrograms
8.5 Individual Difference
9. Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations
9.1 Cardinal Vowels
9.2 Secondary Cardinal Vowels
9.3 Vowels in Other Accents of English
9.4 Vowels in Other Languages
9.5 Advanced Tongue Root (ATR)
9.6 Rhotacized Vowels
9.7 Nasalization
9.8 Summary of Vowel Quality
9.9 Semivowels
9.10 Secondary Articulatory Gesture
9.10.1 Palatalization
9.10.2 Velarization
9.10.3 Pharyngealization
9.10.4 Labialization
10. Syllables and Suprasegmental Features
10.1 Syllables
10.2 Stress
10.3 Length
10.4 Rhythm
10.5 Intonation and Tone
10.6 Stress, Tone, and Pitch Accent Languages
Further Reading.
Additional Resources
Glossary
Sources
Index
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