Where does Neo-Confucianism - a movement that from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries profoundly influenced the way people understood the world and responded to it - fit into our story of China's history?This interpretive, at times polemical, inquiry into the Neo-Confucian engagement with the literati as the social and political elite, local society, and the imperial state during the Song, Yuan, and Ming dynasties is also a reflection on the role of the middle period in China's history. The book argues that as Neo-Confucians put their philosophy of learning into practice in local society, they justified a new social ideal in which society at the local level was led by the literati with state recognition and support. The later imperial order, in which the state accepted local elite leadership as necessary to its own existence, survived even after Neo-Confucianism lost its hold on the center of intellectual culture in the seventeenth century but continued as the foundation of local education. It is the contention of this book that Neo-Confucianism made that order possible.

包弼德（Peter K. Bol）是美国哈佛大学东亚语言与文明系的查理斯•卡威尔（Charles H. Carswell）讲座教授，他同时也主持哈佛大学《中国历史地理信息系统》(Chinese Historical GIS) 以及《中国历代人物传记资料库》（Chinese Biographical Database）等大型数据库的建设工作。其著作包括 This Culture of Ours: Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China (1992，中译本《斯文：唐宋思想的转型》)，并合编Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China: The Politics of Culture and the Culture of Politics (2006) 以及Confucianism and Ecology (1998) 等书。包弼德最近十余年的研究专注于讨论理学的历史角色，以及从地方史的视角出发探讨中国社会文化的变迁。