具体描述
This volume will prove of vital interest to those studying the use of renewable resources. It presents physical and mathematical descriptions of the nine generic wave energy conversion techniques, along with their uses and performance characteristics, plus several electro-mechanical energy conversion techniques and worked examples. 1981 edition.
Tidal Stream Energy: Harnessing the Rhythmic Power of the Ocean’s Flow A Comprehensive Examination of Marine Kinetic Energy Capture This volume delves deeply into the principles, technologies, and practical implementation of tidal stream energy conversion. Moving beyond the generalized topic of ocean energy, this book focuses exclusively on the kinetic energy harnessed from predictable, predictable, and powerful subsurface ocean currents. It serves as an essential resource for engineers, marine biologists, policy makers, and researchers seeking a thorough understanding of this critical segment of renewable energy generation. --- Part I: Fundamentals of Tidal Dynamics and Resource Assessment The initial section establishes the fundamental hydrodynamic and geophysical underpinnings necessary for understanding tidal stream extraction. It moves systematically from the macro-scale astronomical forces that drive tides to the localized site-specific characteristics that dictate energy potential. Chapter 1: The Mechanics of Oceanic Tides This chapter rigorously details the astronomical origins of tidal forces, examining the influence of the Moon and Sun, and introducing concepts such as spring and neap tides, diurnal and semidiurnal cycles, and shallow-water effects. A significant portion is dedicated to non-linear tidal constituents and their impact on long-term energy yield predictability. We explore the mathematics of harmonic analysis as applied to tidal prediction, providing the essential quantitative framework for the rest of the text. Chapter 2: Hydrodynamics of Subsurface Flow Here, the focus shifts to the physical movement of water. We examine the boundary layer effects, turbulence characteristics, and stratification within tidal channels and races. Detailed analyses cover flow velocity profiles, turbulence intensity mapping using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCPs), and the critical importance of understanding shear stress near the seabed. Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling techniques specifically tailored for complex, three-dimensional tidal flows are presented, emphasizing validation against real-world field data. Chapter 3: Site Selection and Resource Mapping Identifying viable locations for tidal stream arrays requires meticulous geospatial analysis. This chapter outlines the methodologies for large-scale resource mapping, incorporating bathymetry, seabed substrate characteristics, and existing environmental constraints. It details the process of developing Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) estimates based on site-specific resource assessments, covering methodologies for calculating annual energy production (AEP) factoring in turbine availability and operational constraints dictated by seabed conditions. Case studies contrasting high-velocity, narrow-channel sites with broader shelf locations are included. --- Part II: Technologies for Kinetic Energy Capture The core of the book examines the diverse array of devices engineered to translate the linear motion of tidal currents into usable electrical power. It separates the technologies based on their operational principles and structural configurations. Chapter 4: Horizontal-Axis Turbines (HATs) This chapter provides an in-depth review of tidal stream turbines analogous to wind turbines, the most mature technology in the sector. It dissects blade aerodynamics optimized for high-density water environments, addressing challenges such as cavitation, biofouling, and material fatigue under cyclical loading. Design variations—including ducted versus open rotors, pitch control mechanisms, and variable-speed operation—are analyzed through performance curves and efficiency metrics derived from full-scale deployments. Emphasis is placed on structural loading analysis for long-term survivability in energetic regimes. Chapter 5: Vertical-Axis Turbines (VATs) Exploring alternatives to the established HAT design, this section focuses on Darrieus and Savonius configurations adapted for marine environments. The advantages of VATs regarding omni-directionality, simpler mooring requirements, and reduced risk of bird/marine mammal strike are contrasted with their lower inherent efficiency coefficients. Design considerations for drag-based versus lift-based VATs in fluctuating current speeds are critically evaluated. Chapter 6: Alternative and Emerging Capture Systems This chapter aggregates less conventional, yet promising, energy conversion methodologies. This includes oscillating hydrofoils (flapping wings), Venturi-effect augmentation systems (diffuser-augmented turbines), and reciprocating hydrofoils. The discussion covers the complex control systems required for maximizing power output from inherently nonlinear oscillating mechanisms, and assesses their scalability relative to conventional rotary machines. --- Part III: Engineering Integration and Grid Connection Successfully deploying tidal stream farms requires sophisticated solutions for mooring, foundation design, power transfer, and integration into existing electrical grids. Chapter 7: Foundation, Mooring, and Installation Engineering The stability of tidal stream devices is paramount given the high dynamic loads imposed by water. This section details various foundation techniques, ranging from gravity-based structures (GBS) suitable for shallow, firm seabeds to drilled piles and suction caissons for softer substrates. Advanced synthetic and steel mooring line analysis, including fatigue modeling and tension monitoring systems, are covered. Practical aspects of marine operations—heavy lift vessel requirements, remote tooling, and weather windows for installation—form a key component of this chapter. Chapter 8: Power Transfer, Transmission, and Subsea Cabling From the turbine hub to the onshore substation, efficient power transfer is crucial. This chapter examines the choice between AC and DC transmission for subsea arrays, the design of inter-array cabling to withstand abrasion and tension, and the necessary offshore substation infrastructure. Protection against corrosion, insulation materials appropriate for long-term immersion, and reliability testing protocols for subsea connectors are discussed in detail. Chapter 9: Grid Interconnection and System Reliability Unlike solar or wind power, tidal energy offers high predictability. This chapter analyzes how this characteristic benefits grid management. It explores the integration challenges associated with the characteristic variability (e.g., slack water periods) and the advanced forecasting tools required for grid operators to confidently schedule this predictable, yet intermittent, power source. Topics include reactive power compensation, harmonic mitigation from power converters, and the economic modeling of capacity factors for tidal farms. --- Part IV: Environmental Impact and Socio-Economic Factors Sustainable deployment necessitates a thorough understanding of the ecological footprint and the regulatory landscape. Chapter 10: Ecological Interactions and Mitigation Strategies This comprehensive environmental review focuses on direct and indirect impacts. Key areas include hydrodynamic alterations (scour, wake effects on neighboring turbines), underwater noise pollution during operation and construction, and collision risk for marine megafauna. Detailed analysis of acoustic monitoring programs, visual observation protocols, and the efficacy of various collision avoidance technologies—such as detection systems and operational curtailment strategies—are presented using empirical data from operating sites. Chapter 11: Policy, Regulation, and Commercialization Pathways The final chapter addresses the non-technical barriers to widespread deployment. It examines international regulatory frameworks (e.g., maritime law, consenting processes), necessary marine spatial planning integration, and the evolving structure of financial incentives (feed-in tariffs vs. competitive auctions) that support the nascent industry. Socio-economic considerations, including local supply chain development and community benefit sharing models for coastal regions, conclude the volume, framing the path toward commercial maturity for tidal stream energy.
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