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This book investigates the legal and political evolution of Chinese presidency from the period of its forerunner in the 1930s, its establishment in 1954 to its abolition in 1975, and its restoration in 1982, and discovers that the presidency has evolved from a traditional Chinese title into a political position and then a state institution that has the constitutional appearance of a Western style semi-presidency. However, politically it has functioned in a Stalinist party-state with Chinese characteristics, whose candidates have been produced according to the CCP’s step-by-step succession rules designated by the party leaders. Real political decision-making power has not only been limited by these succession rules, but also by the president's role and status within the CCP’s collective supreme body.

The author weaves the themes of Chinese politics and law together and explores not only the political implications of those constitutional provisions and amendments regarding this office, but also the constitutional significance of the CCP’s major political practices, such as Mao Zedong’s “power of last say,” his idea of “two fronts,” his controversial abolition of the chairmanship, Deng Xiaoping’s idea of “the nucleus of leadership,” and “diplomacy of the head of state” by Chinese presidents, thus illuminating how law has been made in those unpredictable political environments and how politics has been defined by law. The author concludes that the office of president is the key to understanding how power in China derives first from the CCP, second from the military, and third from the government loosely prescribed by laws. Even more important, the millennia-old Confucian concept of the charismatic leader is alive and well. While all eyes are on the new incumbent, his predecessors have loomed large and continue to exert significant influence on him. Underlining decades of constitutional evolution and shifting political dynamics have been the changing foreign influences and local demands on China. With so many variables at play, the office of the president will certainly continue to evolve.

Zhang Runhua is lecturer at Shanghai Finance University.

Chapter 4: Chairman Mao of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1954
Chapter 5: Constitutional Making of the Chairmanship in 1954
Chapter 6: Chairman Mao Zedong from 1954 to 1958
Chapter 7: Chairman Liu Shaoqi in Office from 1959 to 1966
Chapter 8: Constitutional Making of the Presidency in 1982
Chapter 9: President Li Xiannian and Yang Shangkun from 1983 to 1993
Chapter 10: President Jiang Zemin from 1993 to 2003
Chapter 11: President Hu Jintao from 2003 to 2013
Chapter 12: Law and Politics Surrounding the Presidency
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