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This book represents the first monograph-length study of the relationship between Protestant Bible translation and the development of Mandarin from a lingua franca into the national language of China. Drawing on both published and unpublished sources, this book looks into the translation, publication, circulation and use of the Mandarin Bible in late Qing and Republican China, and sets out how the Mandarin Bible contributed to the standardization and enrichment of Mandarin. It also illustrates that the Mandarin Union Version, published in 1919, was involved in promoting Mandarin as not only the standard medium of communication but also a marker of national identity among the Chinese people, thus playing a role in the nation-building of modern China.

George Kam Wah Mak, PhD (University of Cambridge, 2011), is a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. He is currently Research Assistant Professor at David C. Lam Institute for East-West Studies, Hong Kong Baptist University.

Acknowledgments
List of Figures and Tables
List of Abbreviations
Conventions
Introduction
Chapter One: The Emergence of the Mandarin Protestant Bible and the Idea of Tongxing Mandarin in Chinese Bible Translation
Mandarin: The Lingua Franca of the Officials or a Common Language?
Was There a Standard Mandarin?
The Emergence of the Mandarin Protestant Bible
Towards a Tongxing Mandarin: A Prelude to Mandarin as the National Language of China
Chapter Two: Institutional Patronage and the Mandarin Bible as the Tongxing Bible in China
The British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS)
The BFBS in China
How did the BFBS Promote Mandarin Bible Translation and Circulation?
Financial Sponsorship
Honorary Roll
Colportage System
The BFBS's Ideological Control over Mandarin Bible Translation
Case 1: The Greek Text of the Mandarin Union Version
Case 2: The `Without Note or Comment' Principle and the BFBS's Translational Helps of the Mandarin Bible
Chapter Three: The Use of the Mandarin Bible and the Promotion of Mandarin as guoyu
The Mandarin Bible, the Building of a Biblical and Literate Chinese Church, and the Promotion of Mandarin as guoyu
How did the Mandarin Bible as a Text Promote the Use of Mandarin as guoyu?
In Church-related Settings
Outside the Church
Chapter Four: Biblical Mandarin and Modern Chinese Lexicon
Fandui
Shijie
Xiaoxi
Yijian
Ziyou
Chapter Five: Biblical Mandarin and Modern Chinese Grammar
The Transposition of the yinwei Subordinate Clause
The Expanded Uses of the bei Passive Construction
The Increasing Use of `yi ' as a Marker of Indefiniteness
The Expanded Uses of zai
Conclusion
Appendix
Bibliography
Index of Biblical Verses
General Index
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