Every economics textbook says the same thing: Money was invented to replace onerous and complicated barter systems—to relieve ancient people from having to haul their goods to market. The problem with this version of history? There’s not a shred of evidence to support it.
Here anthropologist David Graeber presents a stunning reversal of conventional wisdom. He shows that 5,000 years ago, during the beginning of the agrarian empires, humans have used elaborate credit systems. It is in this era, Graeber shows, that we also first encounter a society divided into debtors and creditors.
With the passage of time, however, virtual credit money was replaced by gold and silver coins—and the system as a whole began to decline. Interest rates spiked and the indebted became slaves. And the system perpetuated itself with tremendously violent consequences, with only the rare intervention of kings and churches keeping the system from spiraling out of control. Debt: The First 5,000 Years is a fascinating chronicle of this little known history—as well as how it has defined human history, and what it means for the credit crisis of the present day and the future of our economy.
DAVID GRAEBER teaches anthropology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. He is the author of Towards an Anthropological Theory of Value, Lost People, and Possibilities: Essays on Hierarchy, Rebellion, and Desire. He has written for Harper’s, The Nation, Mute, and The New Left Review.
我們在天上的父: 願人都尊祢的名為聖。 願祢的國降臨; 願祢的旨意行在地上, 如同行在天上。 我們日用的飲食,今日賜給我們。 免我們的債,如同我們免了人的債。 不叫我們遇見試探;救我們脫離兇惡。 因為國度、權柄、榮耀,全是祢的,直到...
评分作者认为,货币不是为了取代物物交换而出现,因此,传统关于货币起源的理论是错误的。然而要点在于,货币起源主要涉及直接交换与间接交换之间的区别,而非物物交换与信用体系的对立。馈赠和进贡也是一种直接交换,而物物交换也可以是一种间接交换。格雷伯在这个基本问题和逻辑...
评分本书作者大卫·格雷伯是美国著名的无政府主义人类学家,是“占领华尔街”运动的组织者。 作者通过梳理纵横5000年的人类历史, 阐述了一个看似简单实者重要而复杂的名词:债! 本书直接颠覆了主流经济学理论的货币概念,剑指经济学创立之鼻祖亚当·斯密。 在阅读的过程中,虽然...
评分 评分路上听书解读: 公元前196年的罗塞塔石碑上,就已经有“债”这个概念,甚至于从有记载的人类历史开始,债就一直存在。 1. 债务和信用体系自古就有,并非出现在物物交换之后 根据人类学研究的发现,远在货币制度和物物交换诞生以前,信用,作为一种虚拟货币,就已被人们在使用了...
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