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Includes both historical and contemporary developments in the theory of knowledge

Expresses complex ideas in a clear and accessible way, using simple examples

Examines the relationship between knowledge and truth

Explores the central issues and debates in epistemology

Part of the bestselling Very Short Introductions series - over six million copies sold worldwide

What is knowledge? How does it differ from mere belief? Do you need to be able to justify a claim in order to count as knowing it? How can we know that the outer world is real and not a dream?

Questions like these are ancient ones, and the branch of philosophy dedicated to answering them - epistemology - has been active for thousands of years. In this thought-provoking Very Short Introduction, Jennifer Nagel considers these classic questions alongside new puzzles arising from recent discoveries about humanity, language, and the mind. Nagel explains the formation of major historical theories of knowledge, and shows how contemporary philosophers have developed new ways of understanding knowledge, using ideas from logic, linguistics, and psychology. Covering topics ranging from relativism and the problem of scepticism to the trustworthiness of internet sources, Nagel examines how progress has been made in understanding knowledge, using everyday examples to explain the key issues and debates

Jennifer Nagel, Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto

Jennifer Nagel is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Associate Chair at the University of Toronto. Her research covers both historical and contemporary topics in epistemology. She has published on scepticism and empirical knowledge in Descartes and Locke and has also written a series of articles on intuitive ascriptions of knowledge.

1: Introduction
2: Scepticism
3: Rationalism and empiricism
4: The analysis of knowledge
5: Internalism and externalism
6: Testimony
7: Shifting standards?
8: Knowing about knowing
Further reading
Index
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