Douglass C. North is also professor of history and a fellow of the Center in Political Economy. He was on the faculty of the University of Washington and held visiting chairs at Cambridge and Rice Universities. In 1993 he was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and has served as president of the Economic History Association and the Western Economic Association. His major interest is the evolution of economic and political institutions. The effects of institutions on the development of economies through time is a major emphasis in his work in both economic history and development. Among his books are The Rise of the Western World (with R. P. Thomas, 2nd edition), 1973, Growth and Welfare in the American Past, 1973, Structure and Change in Economic History, 1981, and Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, 1990.
This is a landmark book on the impact of property rights on European economic development. Published over a quarter of a century ago, its stated goal is "... to suggest new paths for the study of European economic history rather than ... either [a detailed and exhaustive study or a precise empirical test that are the] ... standard formats" (p. vii). North and Thomas attempt to identify the elements that allowed the Western European economy to rise to affluence. Their argument is made transparent in Chapter One (Theory and Overview): the key to growth was and is an efficient economic system. Efficient in the sense that the system of property rights gives individuals incentives to innovate and produce, and, conversely inhibits those activities (rent-seeking, theft, arbitrary confiscation and/or excessive taxation) that reduce individual incentives. They argue that property rights are classic public goods because: (1) once a more efficient set of property rights is discovered the marginal cost of copying it is low (compared to the cost of discovering and developing it); (2) it is prohibitively expensive to prevent other political jurisdictions from emulating a more efficient set of property rights regardless of whether they contributed to their construction; (3) and finally, the idea of a set of property rights, like all ideas, is non-rival -- we can all consume the same idea and the "stock" of the idea is not diminished. These public good aspects lead them to conclude that there may be under investment in the attempts to create more efficient sets of property rights because the jurisdiction that invests in the development of property rights pays the entire cost of their development but receives only benefits that accrue to its jurisdiction, while other jurisdictions can get the benefits without any of the developmental costs. Thus, the problems of public goods and the "free riders."
西方世界为何能够在近代兴起?这便是这本书要回答的问题。 什么才是经济增长的内在动因呢?这本书开宗明义的指出,“有效率的经济组织是经济增长的核心”,这也是西欧崛起的原因。而有效率的组织需要建立产权制度,以刺激“将个人的经济努力变成私人收益率接近社会收益率”的活...
評分1920年我出生于马萨诸塞州的剑桥,是三名子女中最小的一个。因为父亲工作的关系,我们搬了好几次家,而我也因此拥有了十分国际化的教育。我在瑞士和加拿大完成了小学教育,1933年搬回美国后,在那里完成了高中教育。高中时我迷上了摄影,曾在国际性的大专及高中摄影竞赛中...
評分西方世界为何能够在近代兴起?这便是这本书要回答的问题。 什么才是经济增长的内在动因呢?这本书开宗明义的指出,“有效率的经济组织是经济增长的核心”,这也是西欧崛起的原因。而有效率的组织需要建立产权制度,以刺激“将个人的经济努力变成私人收益率接近社会收益率”的活...
我始終還是覺得 黑死病主義是流氓行為、、
评分Efficient economic institution propelled the economic growth observed in western Europe.
评分Efficient economic institution propelled the economic growth observed in western Europe.
评分這傢夥喜歡跑題。對每個國傢和時期論述時的重點與史料都使用不均,敘述中也不易分清這是曆史現象還是ideally根據經濟模型應該有的樣子。很重要的土地私有化可流轉的史實基本隻給瞭十三世紀英國的。對於最重要的論點:交易成本的降低,在荷蘭隻講到其然,未見最重要的所以然(為什麼在法國和西班牙就實現不瞭)。同樣解釋瞭西班牙卻解釋不瞭更復雜的北意大利。總體的論點是很整齊的。
评分無需多說,大師級作品。曆史敘述在一些地方還是比較entangled,但總體上來還是給人耳目一新的感覺。簡明晚期中世紀與近代早期西方經濟史,總體的大背景是中世紀晚期人口增長、土地拓墾導緻的莊園經濟嚮商品-貨幣-市場經濟的轉型,強調經濟組織、強製機關與産權製度在促進私營部門開采市場資源上的關鍵作用,並形成瞭西方持續性的經濟增長。雖然強調製度在促進經濟增長時的作用,但整個的敘事還是建立在市場經濟的基礎上的。說白瞭,經濟要增長,必須有市場。
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