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〈開建五等─西晉五等爵製成立的歷史考察〉

王安泰，碩士論文，419頁，政治大學歷史學係，2003。

王德權教授指導

爵製是中國官僚係統中的一大環節，在官僚製度中常以「官爵」並稱，歷代君臣將相都相當的重視，所謂「富均公侯」、「強富比於公侯」等，皆以王侯之爵作為富貴的代稱。先秦諸子已相當重視爵的地位，儒傢經典與漢代著作亦然，說明「爵」在中國古代可說是區分身份的方式之一，也是君臣之間建立關係的另一種管道。

而所謂的五等爵，即公侯伯子男的稱號，同樣已齣現在《春鞦》、《孟子》、《周禮》等書中，歷來多以為是西周已行之製，但因五等製度與《詩》、《書》、金文所記多有矛盾，自北宋以後亦有許多懷疑的聲浪。但在漢唐之間，仍相信五等爵為西周製度，因此稱歷來對五等爵的理解仍以「復古」為中心並不為過。

本文所討論之爵，是具有食邑、在名義上擁有封國的異姓高爵，在漢魏時期以有封地的列侯為主，另將有食邑而無封地的關內侯併入討論；至鹹熙元年開建五等後，五等爵成為當時異姓的最高爵，與列侯、關內侯等爵共同構成西晉的封爵體係。

中國爵製的起源與發展是相當長久的。殷商以前似已有類似爵製的存在，至西周時期已有五等爵的產生。不過西周以前的爵製，更像是天王與諸侯的羈糜關係，而非上下統領關係；且西周的五等爵製是以同姓為主，另外輔以部分異姓，強調的重點是血緣與身份，即使國君被弒或無子，也會尋找同血緣者來取代，而不至國絕。至戰國時期，在各國變法圖強的情形下，過去的諸侯與卿大夫階層大多淪落，取而代之的是新興的士與庶人。在當時的政治背景下，各國逐漸發展齣新的封爵體係，以加強國君與官僚之間的關係，楚爵與秦爵即為其例。尤其是秦國的二十等爵，是明確的軍功爵體係，日後亦為漢代吸收，成為秦漢時期主要的封爵製度。因此西周至秦漢封爵體係的轉變，象徵著國傢從身份製嚮「一君萬民」的變化。

到了西漢，在天下逐漸統一之後，在公士至公乘（即所謂民爵）的部分，原本秦代所強調的軍功逐漸失去其必要性，逐漸轉為皇帝即位或國傢重大慶典時的普遍賜爵；即使漢武帝時一度推行新的軍功爵製，仍無法阻止民爵的日趨衰微。在公大夫至大庶長（即所謂吏爵）部分，由於漢代「以吏治天下」，故中層的吏爵似亦與軍功無涉，即隻要是「庶人在官」者，皆有機會受封吏爵。但在列侯與關內侯（即官爵或貴族爵）部分，漢代仍維持「無功不侯」的原則，除了與皇帝關係密切的恩澤侯外，隻有軍功一途方能成為列侯與關內侯。

上述原則在漢武帝「獨尊儒術」後逐漸受到儒生與士大夫的挑戰。儒生與士大夫不斷的藉由對儒傢經典的討論，一方麵反映齣有德者應有封爵的理念；另一方麵，也投射齣他們希望恢復五等爵的想法。在士大夫與儒生逐漸轉化為士族之時，隨著士族勢力的擴大，這種呼聲也更加強烈。雖然在王莽時期曾一度施行五等爵而失敗，到了魏晉之際，再次建立了一套模仿西周的五等爵製；此後直至清末，雖在歷代多少有所調整，五等爵製的本質並未改變。也就是說，這套五等爵製自魏末晉初施行以後，在往後的一韆六百多年間，成為帝國官僚體係的要角之一。而西晉作為這套施行韆餘年製度的開端，自然有其重要性。然而，由於下述的情形，使得歷來對魏末晉初的五等爵製的研究，尚有不足之處。因此，本文試圖以爵製為中心，一方麵探討五等爵產生的原因與過程，及其所產生的影響；另一方麵，則是試圖觀察魏晉時期士族與皇權兩者對爵製的態度，藉以更加瞭解漢晉之際政治與製度方麵的演進。本文擬從幾個不同層次的討論，試圖觀察漢晉之間爵製的發展歷程。

第一章首先提齣研究此一問題的原因，對過去學界的研究成果作簡單的迴顧，並說明各章節的安排架構。

第二章是對於漢晉爵製演變的歷史背景與過程進行探討。從漢代以軍功為封爵重心的列侯、關內侯，到西晉以士族為封爵主體的五等爵，除了爵級名稱與內容的不同外，更重要的是封爵的原則有所變化。此外，漢晉間爵製變化的背景，及其所呈現的型態為何，也是本章探討的焦點。

第三章則是從地理、開國與食邑三個層麵，試圖分析西晉爵製的實質運作。首先是從受封者本籍與封地間關係的變化，來觀察西晉封國的地理問題；其次從茅土、置軍、國官等角度，探討西晉五等爵的開國製度；此外便是簡單計算西晉食邑總額與國傢租調總數，試圖探討西晉諸侯食邑與國傢財政的關係。

第四章則是以政治秩序、禮製與律令規範為中心，藉以觀察爵製在身份與等級上的安排。西晉爵製錶現在政治秩序與禮、法的共同處之一，就在於明確的區分身份，使儒傢「彝倫攸敘」的理想，得以實踐在各項製度之中。

第五章是從爵製本身、士族與皇權三個層麵，探討漢晉間爵製變化的意義。士族與皇權各自對爵製的期待為何，以及五等爵與當時政治環境的關係，都是本章所要探討的課題，並將於第六章作扼要的結論。

上 冊
第一章 緒 論 ···························································· 1
第一節 研究動機 ····················································· 1
第二節 文獻迴顧 ····················································· 5
第三節 章節架構 ··················································· 11
第二章 漢晉間封爵製度的變化······························· 13
第一節 東漢封爵體係及建安時期的調整·············· 13
一、東漢的爵製 ··············································· 14
二、漢末建安年間封爵的特色························· 18
第二節 曹魏時期封爵體係的變化························· 24
一、曹魏前期封爵途徑的擴大························· 27
二、曹魏前期封爵的特色 ································ 30
三、曹魏後期政局的演變與受爵者身份的變化
·································································· 31
第三節 魏晉之際的改革 ········································ 35
一、漢魏士人對五等爵的提倡························· 35
二、鹹熙五等爵製的施行 ································ 36
三、晉武帝期間的調整···································· 40
四、晉惠帝以後爵製之紊亂····························· 42
五、西晉五等爵的特色···································· 44
第三章 五等爵製的運作··········································· 53
第一節 地理分佈 ··················································· 54
一、封國的分佈 ··············································· 54
二、封國在各州的比例···································· 56
三、對封地大小的限製···································· 57
四、受封爵者本籍與封國的對照····················· 58
五、小 結······················································· 63
第二節 五等爵的開國製度 ···································· 64
一、授茅土······················································· 64
二、輿地圖······················································· 66
三、國 相······················································· 68
四、傢 臣······················································· 69
五、置 軍······················································· 72
六、其 他······················································· 73
七、結 論······················································· 74
第三節 食邑與財政製度 ········································ 75
一、占田課田與戶調的定義····························· 76
二、西晉每年租調的總收入計算····················· 78
三、西晉諸侯奉秩的計算 ································ 81
四、西晉諸侯的奉秩總數 ································ 82
五、西晉官俸的總額········································ 83
六、西晉諸侯奉秩占全國之比例····················· 85
七、未能計算與考慮之部分····························· 86
八、小 結······················································· 88
第四章 西晉禮法秩序與官僚體係下的五等爵製 · 105
第一節 五等爵在爵製秩序中的安排 ··················· 106
一、五等爵之等級與禮儀秩序······················· 107
二、五等爵的輿服製度·································· 115
三、其 他····················································· 120
四、小 結····················································· 121
第二節 西晉禮儀中對五等爵的規定 ··················· 123
一、吉 禮····················································· 125
二、凶 禮····················································· 131
三、軍 禮····················································· 141
四、賓 禮····················································· 142
五、嘉 禮····················································· 145
六、結 語····················································· 151
第三節 西晉法律對五等爵的相關規定················ 153
一、西晉律令的特色及其與五等爵的關係···· 153
二、西晉律令對封爵之規定··························· 155
三、違 禮····················································· 157
四、違 法····················································· 161
五、結 論····················································· 165
下 冊
第五章 魏晉爵製變革的意義································· 173
第一節 漢晉間爵製發展的歷程··························· 173
一、以封爵性質分類······································ 173
二、從爵位類別分析······································ 175
三、西晉五等爵的特殊意義··························· 180
第二節 士族與五等爵的關係······························· 182
一、漢魏士人對爵製日趨關心之因 ··············· 182
二、魏晉時期士族的特殊待遇······················· 183
三、士族復五等爵製的分析··························· 189
四、西晉士族的理想性·································· 191
第三節 五等爵與皇權的關係······························· 192
一、皇權與爵製運作的關係··························· 193
二、皇權廣泛授與功臣士族爵位的原因········ 195
第六章 結 論 ························································ 201
徵引書目···································································· 207
附錶目次
錶 2101 東漢中後期賣官鬻爵事件錶 ···················· 47
錶 2102 漢末建安年間封爵人數錶 ························ 47
錶 2201 曹魏時期大封功臣事件錶 ························ 48
錶 2202 曹魏時期封爵人數錶································ 48
錶 2203 漢末建安年間與曹魏時期封爵人數對照錶
·································································· 49
錶 2301 西晉五等封爵人數錶································ 49
錶 2302 鹹熙元年五等爵食邑與地方比較錶 ········· 50
錶 2303 曹魏配饗太祖廟庭功臣錶 ························ 50
錶 2304 泰始元年大次小國食邑與兵數錶············· 51
錶 2305 鹹熙元年與泰始元年封爵官品比較錶 ····· 51
錶 3101 曹魏西晉時期受爵者封地分佈錶············· 90
錶 3102 曹魏西晉時期受爵者本籍分佈錶············· 91
3103 曹魏西晉時期受爵者封國與本籍對照錶·· 92
錶 3104 泰始元年封國占州郡行政單位比例錶 ····· 92
錶 3105 太康元年封國占州郡行政單位比例錶 ····· 93
錶 3201 曹魏時期諸侯王、公主、王太妃傢臣錶·· 94
錶 3202 西晉諸侯王與五等爵國官錶 ···················· 95
錶 3203 東晉諸侯王與五等爵國官錶 ···················· 97
錶 3204 《晉書‧地理誌》所載有國相者與魏晉封
爵重閤者錶 ············································· 98
錶 3205 泰始元年大次小國製度比較錶················· 99
錶 3206 鹹寧三年大次小國及五等爵製度比較錶·· 99
錶 3207 鹹寧三年所行同姓推恩製度錶················· 99
錶 3208 西晉爵製開國相關製度對照錶··············· 100
錶 3301 泰始元年全國諸侯俸秩支齣總數錶 ······· 100
錶 3302 太康元年全國諸侯俸秩支齣總數錶 ······· 101
錶 3303 泰始元年官員年俸支齣總數錶··············· 101
錶 3304 太康元年官員年俸支齣總數錶··············· 101
錶 3305 泰始元年官員年絹支齣總數錶··············· 102
錶 3306 泰始元年全國租調收入錶 ······················ 102
錶 3307 太康元年全國租調收入錶 ······················ 102
錶 3308 泰始元年與太康元年諸侯占全國租調收入
比例錶 ···················································· 103
錶 4101 西晉五等爵製度規範錶·························· 167
錶 4102 儒傢經典所載五等爵相關製度錶··········· 168
漢末魏晉封爵總錶 ···················································· 221
一、縣 侯····························································· 221
二、鄉 侯····························································· 232
三、亭 侯····························································· 241
四、列 侯····························································· 256
五、關內侯····························································· 262
六、名號侯····························································· 269
七、關中侯····························································· 270
八、公 ···································································· 271
九、侯 ···································································· 279
十、伯 ···································································· 287
十一、子 ································································ 289
十二、男 ································································ 291
附圖目次
圖一 西晉爵製與官品、官僚身份對照圖············ 185
曹魏西晉時期封地分佈圖
1. 曹魏黃初初年（西元 220-222 年）司州封
地分佈圖···················································· 293
2. 曹魏黃初初年兗州、豫州、揚州封地分布
圖 ······························································· 294
3. 曹魏黃初初年青州、徐州封地分布圖······· 295
4. 曹魏黃初初年冀州、並州封地分佈圖······· 296
5. 曹魏黃初初年幽州封地分佈圖·················· 297
6. 曹魏黃初初年雍州封地分佈圖·················· 298
7. 曹魏黃初初年涼州封地分佈圖·················· 299
8. 曹魏黃初初年荊州封地分佈圖·················· 300
9. 曹魏黃初初年（蜀漢）益州北部封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 301
10. 曹魏黃初初年（孫吳）揚州封地分佈圖··· 302
11. 曹魏黃初初年（孫吳）荊州封地分佈圖 ··· 303
12. 曹魏甘露三年（西元 258 年）司州封地分
佈圖 ··························································· 304
13. 曹魏甘露三年兗州、豫州、揚州封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 305
14. 曹魏甘露三年青州、徐州封地分佈圖······· 306
15. 曹魏甘露三年冀州、並州封地分佈圖······· 307
16. 曹魏甘露三年幽州封地分佈圖·················· 308
17. 曹魏甘露三年雍州封地分佈圖·················· 309
18. 曹魏甘露三年涼州封地分佈圖·················· 310
19. 曹魏甘露三年荊州封地分佈圖·················· 311
20. 曹魏甘露三年（蜀漢）益州北部封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 312
21. 曹魏甘露三年（孫吳）揚州封地分佈圖··· 313
22. 曹魏甘露三年（孫吳）荊州封地分佈圖··· 314
23. 曹魏鹹熙元年（西元 264 年）司州封地分
佈圖 ··························································· 315
24. 曹魏鹹熙元年兗州、豫州、揚州封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 316
25. 曹魏鹹熙元年青州、徐州封地分佈圖······· 317
26. 曹魏鹹熙元年冀州、並州封地分佈圖······· 318
27. 曹魏鹹熙元年幽州封地分佈圖·················· 319
28. 曹魏鹹熙元年雍州封地分佈圖·················· 320
29. 曹魏鹹熙元年涼州封地分佈圖·················· 321
30. 曹魏鹹熙元年荊州封地分佈圖·················· 322
31. 曹魏鹹熙元年益州北部封地分佈圖··········· 323
32. 曹魏鹹熙元年（孫吳）揚州封地分佈圖··· 324
33. 曹魏鹹熙元年（孫吳）荊州封地分佈圖··· 325
34. 西晉泰始年間（西元 265-274 年）司州封
地分佈圖···················································· 326
35. 西晉泰始年間兗州、豫州封地分佈圖······· 327
36. 西晉泰始年間冀州、並州封地分佈圖······· 328
37. 西晉泰始年間幽州、平州封地分佈圖······· 329
38. 西晉泰始年間雍州、秦州封地分佈圖······· 330
39. 西晉泰始年間涼州封地分佈圖·················· 331
40. 西晉泰始年間梁州、益州封地分佈圖······· 332
41. 西晉泰始年間青州、徐州封地分佈圖······· 333
42. 西晉泰始年間荊州封地分佈圖·················· 334
43. 西晉泰始年間揚州封地分佈圖·················· 335
44. 西晉太康年間（西元 280-289 年）司州封
地分佈圖···················································· 336
45. 西晉太康年間兗州、豫州封地分佈圖······· 337
46. 西晉太康年間冀州、並州封地分佈圖······· 338
47. 西晉太康年間幽州、平州封地分佈圖······· 339
48. 西晉太康年間雍州、秦州封地分佈圖······· 340
49. 西晉太康年間涼州封地分佈圖·················· 341
50. 西晉太康年間梁州、益州封地分佈圖······· 342
51. 西晉太康年間青州、徐州封地分佈圖······· 343
52. 西晉太康年間荊州封地分佈圖·················· 344
53. 西晉太康年間揚州封地分佈圖·················· 345
54. 西晉永康元年至建興四年間 （西元
299-316 年）司州封地分佈圖···················· 346
55. 西晉永康元年至建興四年兗州、豫州封地
分佈圖························································ 347
56. 西晉永康元年至建興四年冀州、並州封地
分佈圖························································ 348
57. 西晉永康元年至建興四年幽州、平州封地
分佈圖························································ 349
58. 西晉永康元年至建興四年雍州、秦州封地
分佈圖························································ 350
59. 西晉永康元年至建興四年涼州封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 351
60. 西晉永康元年至建興四年梁州、益州封地
分佈圖························································ 352
61. 西晉永康元年至建興四年青州、徐州封地
分佈圖························································ 353
62. 西晉永康元年至建興四年荊州封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 354
63. 西晉永康元年至建興四年揚州封地分佈
圖 ······························································· 355
64. 曹魏黃初初年（西元 220-222 年）縣級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 356
65. 曹魏甘露三年（西元 258 年）縣級封地分
佈全圖························································ 357
66. 曹魏鹹熙元年（西元 264 年）縣級封地分
佈全圖························································ 358
67. 西晉泰始年間（西元 265-274 年）縣級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 359
68. 西晉太康年間（西元 280-289 年）縣級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 360
69. 西晉永康元年至建興四年（西元 299-316
年）縣級封地分佈全圖 ····························· 361
70. 曹魏黃初初年（西元 220-222 年）郡級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 362
71. 曹魏甘露三年（西元 258 年）郡級封地分
佈全圖························································ 363
72. 曹魏鹹熙元年（西元 264 年）郡級封地分
佈全圖························································ 364
73. 西晉泰始年間（西元 265-274 年）郡級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 365
74. 西晉太康年間（西元 280-289 年）郡級封
地分佈全圖 ················································ 366
75. 西晉永康元年至建興四年（西元 299-316
年）郡級封地分佈全圖 ····························· 367
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