The GadflyBy E. L. VoynichThe Gadfly is a novel by Irish writer Ethel Voynich, published in 1897, set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings. The story centres on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton, as a member of the Youth movement, and his antagonist, Padre Montanelli. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love Gemma simultaneously runs through the story. It is a story of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism.Arthur Burton, an English Catholic, travels to Italy to study to be a priest. He discovers radical ideas, renounces Catholicism and leaves Italy. While away he suffers great hardship, but returns with renewed revolutionary fervour. He becomes a journalist, expounding radical ideas in brilliant satirical tracts published under the pseudonym "the gadfly". The local authorities are soon dedicated to capturing him. Gemma, his lover, and Padre Montanelli, his Priest, show various forms of love via their tragic relations with the focal character of Arthur: religious, romantic, and family. The story compares these emotions to those Arthur experiences as a revolutionary, particularly drawing on the relationship between religious and revolutionary feelings. This is especially explicit at the climax of the book, where sacred descriptions intertwine with reflections on the Gadfly's fate. It is debatable to what extent an allegorical comparison can be drawn between the Gadfly and Jesus.

艾捷爾·麗蓮·伏尼契（Ethel Lilian Voynich 1864-1960）

１８６４年生於愛爾蘭科剋市。原姓蒲爾，父親喬治·蒲爾是個數學傢。她早年喪父，隨母由愛爾蘭遷居倫敦。１８８２年，她得到親友的一筆遺贈，隻身前往德國求學；１８８５年畢業於柏林音樂學院； 其間還曾在柏林大學聽講斯拉夫學課程。１８８７年蒲爾學成歸國，在倫敦結識瞭流亡在此的各國革命者。其中俄國民粹派作傢剋拉甫欽斯基（筆名為斯吉普涅雅剋）對她影響最大。在他的鼓勵下，她曾前往俄國旅遊瞭兩年，和彼得堡的革命團體有過聯係。

１８９２年，她和一個受過她幫助、後來從流放地逃到倫敦的波蘭革命者米哈依·伏尼契結婚。夫婦一起積極參與俄國流亡者的活動。伏尼契擔任瞭流亡者辦的《自由俄羅斯》雜誌的編輯，她還齣版瞭《俄羅斯幽默文集》，其中翻譯介紹瞭果戈理和亞·尼·奧斯特羅夫斯基的作品。伏尼契還結識瞭普列漢諾夫、劄蘇裏奇，並曾到恩格斯傢裏作客。

１８９７年，伏尼契的著名小說《牛虻》齣版。蘇聯作傢尼·阿·奧斯特洛夫斯基在他的小說《鋼鐵是怎樣煉成的》中，曾對牛虻有過高度評價。在六七十年代的中國大陸，牛虻這個人物曾影響瞭許多當時的青年（參見劉小楓文）。

伏尼契還創作瞭其他一些作品。其中有小說《傑剋·雷濛》（1901），帶有自傳性質的小說《奧利芙·雷瑟姆》（1904），敘述“牛虻”離傢齣走後１３年的經曆的小說《中斷瞭的友誼》（1910）。

伏尼契晚年遷居美國紐約，蘇聯文學界人士曾到她紐約的寓所訪問，並為她放映根據小說《牛虻》改編的電影。1960年7月27日伏尼契在紐約寓所去世。