Volume One
Author’s Introduction and Acknowledgmentsxv
Abbreviationsxxvi
Abbreviations for Museums and Collectionsxxvi
Journal and Series Abbreviationsxxviii
General Abbreviationsxxxiv
Abbreviations for Epigraphical, Papyrological, and Numismatic
Sourcesxlv
List of Plans, Figures and Mapslxv
Part 1
Introduction
1 General Introduction3
1.1 Incubation and Other Forms of Divination3
1.2 Incubation Terminology7
1.3 Prior Scholarship on Incubation19
1.4 Therapeutic vs. Divinatory Incubation: An Overlooked
Methodological Issue21
1.5 Divinities Associated with Incubation30
1.6 Goals of the Present Work33
2 Early Development of Incubation36
2.1 Incubation in the Ancient Near East36
2.1.1 Introduction36
2.1.2 Incubation in Early Ancient Near Eastern Literature38
2.1.3 Royal Incubation in Ancient Near Eastern Sources46
2.1.4 Priests, Incubation and Dream-Divination in the Ancient Near
East57
2.1.5 Incubation by Non-elites in the Ancient Near East?63
2.1.6 Dreams and Incubation in the Hebrew Bible66
2.1.7 Conclusion71
2.2 Incubation in Egypt74
2.2.1 Introduction74
2.2.2 Royal Dreams and Incubation in Egyptian History and
Literature84
2.2.3 Incubation and Dream-Divination among Non-Royals in
Pharaonic and Post-Pharaonic Egypt92
2.3 Early Evidence for Incubation in Greece100
2.4 Incubation among Other Peoples106
Part 2
Greek Cults
3 Therapeutic Incubation in the Greek World: Asklepios115
3.1 Introduction115
3.2 Structures Associated with Incubation and Incubation Rituals
at Asklepieia124
3.2.1 Introduction124
3.2.2 Epidauros126
3.2.3 Athens133
3.2.4 Pergamon138
3.2.5 Kos, Corinth, Lebena and other Asklepieia146
3.3 Written and Iconographical Sources for Incubation at
Asklepieia167
3.3.1 Introduction167
3.3.2 Epidauros (and its Offshoots)168
3.3.3 Athens and Peiraeus183
3.3.4 Lebena189
3.3.5 Pergamon192
3.3.6 Trikka and Kos202
3.3.7 Rome206
3.3.8 Other Asklepieia208
3.4 Asklepios’s Modus Operandi213
3.4.1 The Nature of Asklepios’s Therapeutic Dreams213
3.4.2 The Representation of Asklepios’s Therapeutic Dreams218
3.4.3 Asklepios the Divine Physician226
3.4.4 The Process of Engaging in Incubation238
3.4.4.1 Ritual Purity and the Question of How Water was
Employed at Asklepieia239
3.4.4.2 Animal Sacrifices and Other Preliminary
Offerings249
3.4.4.3 Bedding Down for the Night258
3.4.4.4 Payments for Successful Cures260
3.5 Conclusion269
4 Therapeutic Incubation in the Greek World: Other Greek Cults271
4.1 Introduction271
4.2 Amphiaraos272
4.3 The Ploutonion-Charonion Complex at Akaraka (Caria)295
4.4 Hemithea at Kastabos (Carian Chersonese)298
4.5 Other Cults303
5 Divinatory Incubation in the Greek World310
5.1 Introduction310
5.2 Amphiaraos310
5.3 Pasiphae at Thalamai316
5.4 Brizo on Delos318
5.5 Amphilochos and Mopsos (Cilicia)320
5.6 Cults of Trojan War Heroes322
5.7 Oracles of the Dead323
5.8 Conclusion325
Part 3
Egyptian and Greco-Egyptian Cults
6 Sarapis and Isis329
6.1 Introduction329
6.2 Sarapis and Therapeutic Incubation in Egypt332
6.3 Sarapis and Therapeutic Incubation outside of Egypt348
6.4 Isis and Therapeutic Incubation in Egypt and the Rest of the
“Inhabited World”359
6.5 Divinatory Incubation in the Cults of Sarapis and Isis379
6.6 Conclusion392
7 Saqqâra and the “House of Osiris-Apis”394
7.1 Introduction to Saqqâra’s Temple Complexes and the Archives of the
“Recluse” Ptolemaios and Ḥor of Sebennytos394
7.2 Osorapis and Therapeutic Incubation403
7.3 Osorapis and Divinatory Incubation414
7.4 Imhotep423
7.5 Thoth and Divinatory Incubation434
7.6 Thoth and Therapeutic Incubation443
7.7 Isis445
7.8 Conclusion446
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