Contents
Preface　v
Acknowledgments　ix
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Java　1
1.1　Java As a Programming Platform　1
1.2　The Java “White Paper” Buzzwords　2
1.2.1　Simple　3
1.2.2　Object-Oriented　4
1.2.3　Network-Savvy　4
1.2.4　Robust　5
1.2.5　Secure　5
1.2.6　Architecture-Neutral　6
1.2.7　Portable　7
1.2.8　Interpreted　7
1.2.9　High-Performance　8
1.2.10　Multithreaded　8
1.2.11　Dynamic　8
1.3　Java Applets and the Internet　9
1.4　A Short History of Java　10
1.5　Common Misconceptions about Java　13
Chapter 2: The Java Programming Environment　17
2.1　Installing the Java Development Kit　18
2.1.1　Downloading the JDK　18
2.1.2　Setting the Executable Path　20
2.1.3　Installing the Library Source and Documentation　22
2.1.4　Installing the Core Java Program Examples　23
2.1.5　Navigating the Java Directories　24
2.2　Choosing a Development Environment　24
2.3　Using the Command-Line Tools　25
2.3.1　Troubleshooting Hints　27
2.4　Using an Integrated Development Environment　28
2.4.1　Locating Compilation Errors　32
2.5　Running a Graphical Application　33
2.6　Building and Running Applets　36
Chapter 3: Fundamental Programming Structures in Java　41
3.1　A Simple Java Program　42
3.2　Comments　45
3.3　Data Types　46
3.3.1　Integer Types　47
3.3.2　Floating-Point Types　48
3.3.3　The char Type　49
3.3.4　The boolean Type　51
3.4　Variables　52
3.4.1　Initializing Variables　53
3.4.2　Constants　54
3.5　Operators　55
3.5.1　Increment and Decrement Operators　56
3.5.2　Relational and boolean Operators　57
3.5.3　Bitwise Operators　58
3.5.4　Mathematical Functions and Constants　59
3.5.5　Conversions between Numeric Types　60
3.5.6　Casts　61
3.5.7　Parentheses and Operator Hierarchy　62
3.5.8　Enumerated Types　63
3.6　Strings　64
3.6.1　Substrings　64
3.6.2　Concatenation　64
3.6.3　Strings Are Immutable　65
3.6.4　Testing Strings for Equality　67
3.6.5　Empty and Null Strings　68
3.6.5　Code Points and Code Units　68
3.6.6　The String API　69
3.6.7　Reading the Online API Documentation　72
3.6.8　Building Strings　74
3.7　Input and Output　76
3.7.1　Reading Input　76
3.7.2　Formatting Output　79
3.7.3　File Input and Output　84
3.8　Control Flow　86
3.8.1　Block Scope　86
3.8.2　Conditional Statements　87
3.8.3　Loops　91
3.8.4　Determinate Loops　95
3.8.5　Multiple Selections—The switch Statement　99
3.8.6　Statements That Break Control Flow　102
3.9　Big Numbers　105
3.10　Arrays　107
3.10.1　The “for each” Loop　109
3.10.2　Array Initializers and Anonymous Arrays　110
3.10.3　Array Copying　111
3.10.4　Command-Line Parameters　112
3.10.5　Array Sorting　113
3.10.6　Multidimensional Arrays　116
3.10.7　Ragged Arrays　120
Chapter 4: Objects and Classes　125
4.1　Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming　126
4.1.1　Classes　127
4.1.2　Objects　128
4.1.3　Identifying Classes　129
4.1.4　Relationships between Classes　129
4.2　Using Predefined Classes　132
4.2.1　Objects and Object Variables　132
4.2.2　The GregorianCalendar Class of the Java Library　136
4.2.3　Mutator and Accessor Methods　138
4.3　Defining Your Own Classes　145
4.3.1　An Employee Class　145
4.3.2　Use of Multiple Source Files　148
4.3.3　Dissecting the Employee Class　149
4.3.4　First Steps with Constructors　150
4.3.5　Implicit and Explicit Parameters　152
4.3.6　Benefits of Encapsulation　153
4.3.7　Class-Based Access Privileges　156
4.3.8　Private Methods　156
4.3.9　Final Instance Fields　157
4.4　Static Fields and Methods　157
4.4.1　Static Fields　157
4.4.2　Static Constants　158
4.4.3　Static Methods　159
4.4.4　Factory Methods　161
4.4.5　The main Method　161
4.5　Method Parameters　164
4.6　Object Construction　171
4.6.1　Overloading　171
4.6.2　Default Field Initialization　172
4.6.3　The Constructor with No Arguments　173
4.6.4　Explicit Field Initialization　174
4.6.5　Parameter Names　175
4.6.6　Calling Another Constructor　176
4.6.7　Initialization Blocks　176
4.6.8　Object Destruction and the finalize Method　181
4.7　Packages　182
4.7.1　Class Importation　182
4.7.2　Static Imports　184
4.7.3　Addition of a Class into a Package　185
4.7.4　Package Scope　188
4.8　The Class Path　190
4.8.1　Setting the Class Path　192
4.9　Documentation Comments　193
4.9.1　Comment Insertion　193
4.9.2　Class Comments　194
4.9.3　Method Comments　195
4.9.4　Field Comments　196
4.9.5　General Comments　196
4.9.6　Package and Overview Comments　197
4.9.7　Comment Extraction　198
4.10　Class Design Hints　199
Chapter 5: Inheritance　203
5.1　Classes, Superclasses, and Subclasses　204
5.1.1　Inheritance Hierarchies　212
5.1.2　Polymorphism　213
5.1.3　Dynamic Binding　214
5.1.4　Preventing Inheritance: Final Classes and Methods　217
5.1.5　Casting　218
5.1.6　Abstract Classes　221
5.1.7　Protected Access　227
5.2　Object: The Cosmic Superclass　228
5.2.1　The equals Method　228
5.2.2　Equality Testing and Inheritance　230
5.2.3　The hashCode Method　234
5.2.4　The toString Method　236
5.3　Generic Array Lists　243
5.3.1　Accessing Array List Elements　246
5.3.2　Compatibility between Typed and Raw Array Lists　249
5.4　Object Wrappers and Autoboxing　251
5.5　Methods with a Variable Number of Parameters　254
5.6　Enumeration Classes　256
5.7　Reflection　258
5.7.1　The Class Class　259
5.7.2　A Primer on Catching Exceptions　261
5.7.3　Using Reflection to Analyze the Capabilities of Classes　263
5.7.4　Using Reflection to Analyze Objects at Runtime　269
5.7.5　Using Reflection to Write Generic Array Code　274
5.7.6　Invoking Arbitrary Methods　278
5.8　Design Hints for Inheritance　282
Chapter 6: Interfaces and Inner Classes　285
6.1　Interfaces　286
6.1.1　Properties of Interfaces　292
6.1.2　Interfaces and Abstract Classes　294
6.2　Object Cloning　295
6.3　Interfaces and Callbacks　302
6.4　Inner Classes　305
6.4.1　Use of an Inner Class to Access Object State　307
6.4.2　Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes　311
6.4.3　Are Inner Classes Useful? Actually Necessary? Secure?　312
6.4.4　Local Inner Classes　315
6.4.5　Accessing final Variables from Outer Methods　315
6.4.6　Anonymous Inner Classes　318
6.4.7　Static Inner Classes　322
6.5　Proxies　326
6.5.1　Properties of Proxy Classes　331
Chapter 7: Graphics Programming　333
7.1　Introducing Swing　334
7.2　Creating a Frame　339
7.3　Positioning a Frame　342
7.3.1　Frame Properties　345
7.3.2　Determining a Good Frame Size　345
7.4　Displaying Information in a Component　350
7.5　Working with 2D Shapes　356
7.6　Using Color　365
7.7　Using Special Fonts for Text　369
7.8　Displaying Images　378
Chapter 8: Event Handling　383
8.1　Basics of Event Handling　383
8.1.1　Example: Handling a Button Click　386
8.1.2　Becoming Comfortable with Inner Classes　391
8.1.3　Creating Listeners Containing a Single Method Call　394
8.1.4　Example: Changing the Look-and-Feel　395
8.1.5　Adapter Classes　399
8.2　Actions　403
8.3　Mouse Events　411
8.4　The AWT Event Hierarchy　419
8.4.1　Semantic and Low-Level Events　421
Chapter 9: User Interface Components with Swing　425
9.1　Swing and the Model-View-Controller Design Pattern　426
9.1.1　Design Patterns　426
9.1.2　The Model-View-Controller Pattern　428
9.1.3　A Model-View-Controller Analysis of Swing Buttons　432
9.2　Introduction to Layout Management　433
9.2.1　Border Layout　437
9.2.2　Grid Layout　439
9.3　Text Input　443
9.3.1　Text Fields　444
9.3.2　Labels and Labeling Components　446
9.3.3　Password Fields　447
9.3.4　Text Areas　448
9.3.5　Scroll Panes　449
9.4　Choice Components　452
9.4.1　Checkboxes　452
9.4.2　Radio Buttons　454
9.4.3　Borders　458
9.4.4　Combo Boxes　462
9.4.5　Sliders　466
9.5　Menus　473
9.5.1　Menu Building　473
9.5.2　Icons in Menu Items　476
9.5.3　Checkbox and Radio Button Menu Items　477
9.5.4　Pop-Up Menus　479
9.5.5　Keyboard Mnemonics and Accelerators　480
9.5.6　Enabling and Disabling Menu Items　483
9.5.7　Toolbars　488
9.5.8　Tooltips　490
9.6　Sophisticated Layout Management　492
9.6.1　The Grid Bag Layout　494
9.6.1.1　The gridx, gridy, gridwidth, and gridheight Parameters　496
9.6.1.2　Weight Fields　496
9.6.1.3　The fill and anchor Parameters　497
9.6.1.4　Padding　497
9.6.1.5　Alternative Method to Specify the gridx, gridy, idwidth,and gridheight Parameters　497
9.6.1.6　A Helper Class to Tame the Grid Bag Constraints　499
9.6.2　Group Layout　505
9.6.3　Using No Layout Manager　516
9.6.4　Custom Layout Managers　516
9.6.5　Traversal Order　521
9.7　Dialog Boxes　522
9.7.1　Option Dialogs　523
9.7.2　Creating Dialogs　533
9.7.3　Data Exchange　538
9.7.4　File Dialogs　545
9.7.5　Color Choosers　557
Chapter 10: Deploying Applications and Applets　565
10.1　JAR Files　566
10.1.1　The Manifest　567
10.1.2　Executable JAR Files　568
10.1.3　Resources　569
10.1.4　Sealing　573
10.2　Java Web Start　574
10.2.1　The Sandbox　578
10.2.2　Signed Code　579
10.2.3　The JNLP API　582
10.3　Applets　591
10.3.1　A Simple Applet　591
10.3.1.1　Converting Applications to Applets　595
10.3.2　The applet HTML Tag and Its Attributes　596
10.3.3　The object Tag　599
10.3.4　Use of Parameters to Pass Information to Applets　600
10.3.5　Accessing Image and Audio Files　606
10.3.6　The Applet Context　607
10.3.6.1　Inter-Applet Communication　608
10.3.6.2　Displaying Items in the Browser　609
10.4　Storage of Application Preferences　610
10.4.1　Property Maps　611
10.4.2　The Preferences API　616
Chapter 11: Exceptions, Assertions, Logging, and Debugging　625
11.1　Dealing with Errors　626
11.1.1　The Classification of Exceptions　628
11.1.2　Declaring Checked Exceptions　630
11.1.3　How to Throw an Exception　632
11.1.4　Creating Exception Classes　634
11.2　Catching Exceptions　635
11.2.1　Catching Multiple Exceptions　637
11.2.2　Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions　639
11.2.3　The finally Clause　640
11.2.4　The Try-with-Resources Statement　644
11.2.5　Analyzing Stack Trace Elements　646
11.3　Tips for Using Exceptions　649
11.4　Using Assertions　653
11.4.1　Assertion Enabling and Disabling　654
11.4.2　Using Assertions for Parameter Checking　655
11.4.3　Using Assertions for Documenting Assumptions　656
11.5　Logging　657
11.5.1　Basic Logging　658
11.5.2　Advanced Logging　658
11.5.3　Changing the Log Manager Configuration　661
11.5.4　Localization　662
11.5.5　Handlers　663
11.5.6　Filters　667
11.5.7　Formatters　667
11.5.8　A Logging Recipe　668
11.6　Debugging Tips　677
11.7　Tips for Troubleshooting GUI Programs　682
11.7.1　Letting the AWT Robot Do the Work　686
11.8　Using a Debugger　690
Chapter 12: Generic Programming　697
12.1　Why Generic Programming?　698
12.1.1　Who Wants to Be a Generic Programmer?　699
12.2　Defining a Simple Generic Class　700
12.3　Generic Methods　702
12.4　Bounds for Type Variables　704
12.5　Generic Code and the Virtual Machine　706
12.5.1　Translating Generic Expressions　708
12.5.2　Translating Generic Methods　708
12.5.3　Calling Legacy Code　711
12.6　Restrictions and Limitations　712
12.6.1　Type Parameters Cannot Be Instantiated with Primitive Types　712
12.6.2　Runtime Type Inquiry Only Works with Raw Types　712
12.6.3　You Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types　713
12.6.4　Varargs Warnings　713
12.6.5　You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables　715
12.6.6　Type Variables Are Not Valid in Static Contexts of Generic Classes　717
12.6.7　You Cannot Throw or Catch Instances of a Generic Class　717
12.6.7.1　You Can Defeat Checked Exception Checking　718
12.6.8　Beware of Clashes after Erasure　720
12.7　Inheritance Rules for Generic Types　721
12.8　Wildcard Types　723
12.8.1　Supertype Bounds for Wildcards　725
12.8.2　Unbounded Wildcards　728
12.8.3　Wildcard Capture　728
12.9　Reflection and Generics　731
12.9.1　Using Class Parameters for Type Matching　732
12.9.2　Generic Type Information in the Virtual Machine　733
Chapter 13: Collections　741
13.1　Collection Interfaces　741
13.1.1　Separating Collection Interfaces and Implementation　742
13.1.2　Collection and Iterator Interfaces in the Java Library　745
13.1.2.1　Iterators　745
13.1.2.2　Removing Elements　748
13.1.2.3　Generic Utility Methods　748
13.2　Concrete Collections　751
13.2.1　Linked Lists　752
13.2.2　Array Lists　762
13.2.3　Hash Sets　763
13.2.4　Tree Sets　767
13.2.5　Object Comparison　768
13.2.6　Queues and Deques　774
13.2.7　Priority Queues　776
13.2.8　Maps　777
13.2.9　Specialized Set and Map Classes　782
13.2.9.1　Weak Hash Maps　782
13.2.9.2　Linked Hash Sets and Maps　783
13.2.9.3　Enumeration Sets and Maps　785
13.2.9.4　Identity Hash Maps　785
13.3　The Collections Framework　787
13.3.1　Views and Wrappers　792
13.3.1.1　Lightweight Collection Wrappers　793
13.3.1.2　Subranges　794
13.3.1.3　Unmodifiable Views　794
13.3.1.4　Synchronized Views　796
13.3.1.5　Checked Views　796
13.3.1.6　A Note on Optional Operations　797
13.3.2　Bulk Operations　799
13.3.3　Converting between Collections and Arrays　800
13.4　Algorithms　801
13.4.1　Sorting and Shuffling　802
13.4.2　Binary Search　805
13.4.3　Simple Algorithms　806
13.4.4　Writing Your Own Algorithms　808
13.5　Legacy Collections　810
13.5.1　The Hashtable Class　810
13.5.2　Enumerations　810
13.5.3　Property Maps　811
13.5.4　Stacks　812
13.5.5　Bit Sets　813
13.5.5.1　The “Sieve of Eratosthenes” Benchmark　814
Chapter 14: Multithreading　819
14.1　What Are Threads?　820
14.1.1　Using Threads to Give Other Tasks a Chance　827
14.2　Interrupting Threads　833
14.3　Thread States　836
14.3.1　New Threads　836
14.3.2　Runnable Threads　836
14.3.3　Blocked and Waiting Threads　837
14.3.4　Terminated Threads　839
14.4　Thread Properties　839
14.4.1　Thread Priorities　840
14.4.2　Daemon Threads　841
14.4.3　Handlers for Uncaught Exceptions　841
14.5　Synchronization　843
14.5.1　An Example of a Race Condition　843
14.5.2　The Race Condition Explained　848
14.5.3　Lock Objects　850
14.5.4　Condition Objects　854
14.5.5　The synchronized Keyword　859
14.5.6　Synchronized Blocks　864
14.5.7　The Monitor Concept　865
14.5.8　Volatile Fields　866
14.5.9　Final Variables　867
14.5.10　Atomics　868
14.5.11　Deadlocks　868
14.5.12　Thread-Local Variables　871
14.5.13　Lock Testing and Timeouts　873
14.5.14　Read/Write Locks　874
14.5.15　Why the stop and suspend Methods Are Deprecated　875
14.6　Blocking Queues　877
14.7　Thread-Safe Collections　886
14.7.1　Efficient Maps, Sets, and Queues　886
14.7.2　Copy on Write Arrays　888
14.7.3　Older Thread-Safe Collections　888
14.8　Callables and Futures　890
14.9　Executors　895
14.9.1　Thread Pools　896
14.9.2　Scheduled Execution　900
14.9.3　Controlling Groups of Tasks　901
14.9.4　The Fork-Join Framework　902
14.10　Synchronizers　905
14.10.1　Semaphores　906
14.10.2　Countdown Latches　907
14.10.3　Barriers　907
14.10.4　Exchangers　908
14.10.5　Synchronous Queues　908
14.11　Threads and Swing　909
14.11.1　Running Time-Consuming Tasks　910
14.11.2　Using the Swing Worker　915
14.11.3　The Single-Thread Rule　923
Appendix: Java Keywords　925
Index　929
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