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Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global democratic revolution is probably the most important political trend in the late twentieth century. In The Third Wave, Samuel P. Huntington analyzes the causes and nature of these democratic transitions, evaluates the prospects for stability of the new democracies, and explores the possibility of more countries becoming democratic. The recent transitions, he argues, are the third major wave of democratization in the modem world. Each of the two previous waves was followed by a reverse wave in which some countries shifted back to authoritarian government. Using concrete examples, empirical evidence, and insightful analysis, Huntington provides neither a theory nor a history of the third wave, but an explanation of why and how it occurred.

Factors responsible for the democratic trend include the legitimacy dilemmas of authoritarian regimes; economic and social development; the changed role of the Catholic Church; the impact of the United States, the European Community, and the Soviet Union; and the "snowballing" phenomenon: change in one country stimulating change in others. Five key elite groups within and outside the nondemocratic regime played roles in shaping the various ways democratization occurred. Compromise was key to all democratizations, and elections and nonviolent tactics also were central. New democracies must deal with the "torturer problem" and the "praetorian problem" and attempt to develop democratic values and processes. Disillusionment with democracy, Huntington argues, is necessary to consolidating democracy. He concludes the book with an analysis of the political, economic, and cultural factors that will decide whether or not the third wave continues.

Several "Guidelines for Democratizers" offer specific, practical suggestions for initiating and carrying out reform. Huntington's emphasis on practical application makes this book a valuable tool for anyone engaged in the democratization process. At this volatile time in history, Huntington's assessment of the processes of democratization is indispensable to understanding the future of democracy in the world.

Samuel Phillips Huntington (April 18, 1927 – December 24, 2008) was an influential political scientist from the United States of America whose works covered multiple sub-fields of political science. He gained wider prominence through his Clash of Civilizations (1993, 1996) thesis of a post-Cold War new world order.

He was a member of Harvard's department of government from 1950 until he was denied tenure in 1959.From 1959 to 1962 he was an associate professor of government at Columbia University where he was also Deputy Director of The Institute for War and Peace Studies. Huntington was invited to return to Harvard with tenure in 1963 and remained there until his death. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1965.Huntington and Warren Demian Manshel co-founded and co-edited Foreign Policy. Huntington stayed as co-editor until 1977.

Foreword
Carl B. Albert
Preface
1. What?
The Start of the Third Wave
The Meaning of Democracy
The Waves of Democratization
The Issues of Democratization
2. Why?
Explaining Waves
Explaining Democratization Waves
Explaining the Third Wave
Declining Legitimacy and the Performance
Dilemma
Economic Development and Economic Crises
Religious Changes
New Policies of External Actors
Demonstration Effects or Snowballing
From Causes to Causers
3. How? Processes of Democratization
Authoritarian Regimes
Transition Processes
Transformations
Guidelines for Democratizers 1: Reforming Authoritarian Systems
Replacements
Guidelines for Democratizers 2: Overthrowing Authoritarian Regimes
Transplacements
Guidelines for Democratizers 3:
Negotiating Regime Changes
4. How? Characteristics of Democratization
The Third Wave Democratization Syndrome
Compromise and the Participation/Moderation Trade-off
Elections: Stunning and Otherwise
Low Levels of Violence
5. How Long?
Consolidation and Its Problems
The Torturer Problem: Prosecute and Punish
vs. Forgive and Forget
Guidelines for Democratizers 4: Dealing
with Authoritarian Crimes
The Praetorian Problem: Rebellious and
Powerful Militaries
Guidelines for Democratizers 5: Curbing
Military Power, Promoting Military Professionalism
Contextual Problems, Disillusionment, and Authoritarian Nostalgia
Developing a Democratic Political Culture
Institutionalizing Democratic Political Behavior
Conditions Favoring Consolidation of New
Democracies
6. Whither?
Third Wave Causes: Continuing, Weakening,
Changing?
A Third Reverse Wave?
Further Democratization: Obstacles and Opportunities
Economic Development and Political
Leadership
Notes
Index
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