斯宾诺莎(163—1677),十七世纪“典型资本主义国家”——荷兰的伟大哲学家,唯物主义者和战斗的无神论者,同时又是一位理性主义的先驱。斯宾诺莎的世界观是在尼德兰资本主义生产关系急剧发展的时期形成的,反映了新兴资产阶级的利益和要求,他的哲学思想应该看作是对资产阶级自由的论证。
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Benedict de Spinoza lived a life of blameless simplicity as a lens-grinder in Holland. And yet in his lifetime, he was expelled from the Jewish community in Amsterdam as a heretic, and after his death his words were first banned by the Christian authorities as atheistic, then hailed by humanists as the gospel of Pantheism. His "Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order" shows us the reality behind this enigmatic figure. First published by his friends after his premature death at the age of 44, the "Ethics" uses the methods of Euclid to describe a single entity, properly called both "God" and "Nature", of which mind and matter are two manifestations. From this follow, in ways that are strikingly modern, the identity of mind and body, the necessary causation of events and actions, and the illusory nature of free will.
1) For Spinoza, the doctrine of Final Causes is an idea such that God, as he determines how the things are to be, has a purpose designed for human beings, and that whatever happens serves to reach to that purpose. 2) In Spinoza’s view, whatever exists exp...
评分斯宾诺莎(Benedict de Spinoza)最后在阿姆斯特丹的日子无比艰难:遗产官司缠身,被开除出犹太教教门,几乎成了全民公敌。一个宗教狂热分子试图刺杀他,未遂。他只好带着那件被刀刺穿的大衣,还有一点点行李和财产,迁往莱顿继续研究哲学。 这只是他一生颠沛流浪的开始。斯宾诺...
评分 评分1) For Spinoza, the doctrine of Final Causes is an idea such that God, as he determines how the things are to be, has a purpose designed for human beings, and that whatever happens serves to reach to that purpose. 2) In Spinoza’s view, whatever exists exp...
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评分陪伴写作高潮所以给爷爷高分
评分陪伴写作高潮所以给爷爷高分
评分陪伴写作高潮所以给爷爷高分
评分陪伴写作高潮所以给爷爷高分
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