In Teaching History for the Common Good, Barton and Levstik present a clear overview of competing ideas among educators, historians, politicians, and the public about the nature and purpose of teaching history, and they evaluate these debates in light of current research on students' historical thinking. In many cases, disagreements about what should be taught to the nation's children, and how it should be presented, reflect fundamental differences that will not easily be resolved. A central premise of this book, though, is that systematic theory and research can play an important role in such debates, by providing evidence of how students think, how their ideas interact with the information they encounter both in school and out, and how these ideas differ across contexts. Such evidence is needed as an alternative to the untested assumptions that plague so many discussions of history education. The authors review research on students' historical thinking and set it in the theoretical context of mediated action - an approach that calls attention to the concrete actions that people undertake, the human agents responsible for such actions, the cultural tools that aid and constrain them, their purposes, and their social contexts. They explain how this theory allows educators to address the breadth of practices, settings, purposes, and tools that influence students' developing understanding of the past, as well as how it provides an alternative to the academic discipline of history as a way of making decisions about teaching and learning the subject in schools. Beyond simply describing the factors that influence students' thinking, Barton and Levstik evaluate them and suggest which aspects should be embraced, tolerated, or rejected. They base these evaluations not on the disciplinary study of history, but on the purpose of social education - preparing students for participation in a pluralist democracy. Their ultimate concern is how history can help citizens engage in collaboration toward the common good. In Teaching History for the Common Good, Levstik and Barton: Discuss the contribution of theory and research, explain the theory of mediated action and how it guides their analysis, and describe research on children's (and adults') knowledge of and interest in history; Lay out a vision of pluralist, participatory democracy and its relationship to the humanistic study of history, as a basis for evaluating the perspectives on the past that influence students' learning; Explore four principal "stances" toward history (identification, analysis, moral response, and exhibition); review research on the extent to which children and adolescents understand and accept each of these; and examine how the stances might contribute to - or detract from - participation in a pluralist democracy; Address six of the principal "tools" of history (narrative structure; stories of individual achievement and motivation; national narratives; inquiry; empathy as perspective-taking; and empathy as caring); and Review research and conventional wisdom on teachers' knowledge and practice, and argue that for teachers to embrace investigative, multiperspectival approaches to history, they need more than knowledge of content and pedagogy; they need a guiding purpose that can only be fulfilled by these approaches, and preparation for participatory democracy provides such purpose. Teaching History for the Common Good is essential reading for history and social studies professionals, researchers, teacher educators, and students, as well as for policy-makers, parents, and members of the general public who are interested in history education or in students' thinking and learning about the subject.