The Symbiosis of Buddhism with Brahmanism/Hinduism in South Asia and of Buddhism with "local cults" pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

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This book is concerned with the complex and indeed difficult question of the relationship between Buddhism and Brahmanism/Hinduism (Vedism, Shivaism, Vishnuism, etc.) in India, and between Buddhism and local religious cults in Tibet and certain other parts of the Buddhist world including Japan. Although they are clearly not identical twins brought forth by the Indian religious soil, Buddhism and Brahmanism/Hinduism are closely related siblings. Thus, questions arise concerning the function and significance of the so-called “Hindu” gods and godlings as they appear in substantial parts of the Buddhist tradition, as well as the traditional “local” divinities in other Buddhist lands. In this connection, borrowing and syncretism have often been referred to by writers on the subject. But in fact these religious interrelationships appear to be considerably more complicated and interesting than this: in much of Buddhist thought they possess both salvific (soteriological) and gnoseological implications. The concept of symbiosis seems relevant here as it expresses these special interrelationships more adequately. In addition, other concepts, both etic and emic, are considered in this context. In Buddhist thought, the structurally opposed yet complementary emix concepts of the “mundane” (or “worldly”) and the “supramundane”(or “transmundane”) have often defined the religious relationship under discussion. Therefore, in this volume this pair of categories is explored – the laukika and the lokottrara, or the ‘jig rten pa and the ‘jig rten las ‘das pas, as they are respectively referred to in the traditions of India and Tibet – drawing on a number of Indian and Tibetan sources.

DAVID SEYFORT RUEGG (*1931) war Professor für Indologie und Tibetologie an Universitäten in Leiden, Seattle und Hamburg.

Foreword. v
Introduction. 1
1. Śramaṇas and Brāhmaṇas: Some aspects of the relation between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. 5
2. On common (‘pan-Indian’) divinities within Buddhism. 19
3. Docetism in Mahāyāna Sūtras. 31
4. Kārttikeya-Mañjuśrī in the Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa. 35
5. The worldly/mundane (laukika), and the matter of the popular and lay. 37
6. The common Indian Ground or Substratum and the opposition worldly/mundane (laukika): supramundane/transmundane (lokottara). 41
7. Symbiosis, confrontation, the subordination of the laukika through subjugation, and the issue of ‘Buddhism vs. Hinduism’: evidence from some Yogatantras. 45
8. Further remarks on the structured laukika : lokottara opposition. 57
9. The place and function of the mundane clan (laukikakula) in Kriyātantra. 63
10. The laukika : lokottara contrast in Mahāyāna Sūtras and Śāstras. 69
11. An iconic depiction of the victory of Śākyamuni Buddha over a heterodox teacher mentioned in a Tibetan source. 75
12. Subordination of the laukika level by peripheralization within a concentric ma ala structure. 77
13. Ritual, geographical, iconological and architectural collocation (juxtaposition), hierarchic stratification, and centrality as against peripheralization. 79
14. Further issues in the laukika : lokottara contrastive opposition. 83
15. Continuity, the substratum model in relation to the borrowing model, and the laukika : lokottara opposition as an ‘emic’ classification. 87
16. Some ‘etic’ categories previously invoked by scholars. 95
17. Paul Hacker’s concept of ‘inclusivism’. 97
18. Harihariharivāhanodbhava-Lokeśvara: An example of Hacker’s ‘inclusivism’? 101
19. Borrowing and substratum models for religious syncretism and/or symbiosis. 105
20. Vaiṣṇava and Śaiva elements in the Kālacakra. 115
21. Kalkin in the Kālacakra. 121
22. On syncretism in the borderlands of Northwestern India and the western Himalaya. 127
23. The laukika : lokottara opposition in relation to the oppositions sacred : profane and spiritual : temporal. 131
24. ‘Emic’ expressions relevant to the substratum model. 135
25. Concluding remarks. 143
Appendix I: Hinduistic elements in Tibetan Buddhist and Bon po sources, and the terms ‘Buddhistic’, ‘Hinduistic’, and ‘Indic’. 163
Appendix II: The noetic and the conventional. 183
INDICES
Names. 189
Subjects. 191
Selected book titles. 194
Sanskrit key words. 194
Pāli key words. 196
Tibetan key words. 196
Japanese terms. 197
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