Getting Started
Chapter 1 A Python Q&A Session
Why Do People Use Python?
Is Python a “Scripting Language”?
OK, but What’s the Downside?
Who Uses Python Today?
What Can I Do with Python?
How Is Python Supported?
What Are Python’s Technical Strengths?
How Does Python Stack Up to Language X?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 2 How Python Runs Programs
Introducing the Python Interpreter
Program Execution
Execution Model Variations
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 3 How You Run Programs
The Interactive Prompt
System Command Lines and Files
Clicking File Icons
Module Imports and Reloads
Using exec to Run Module Files
The IDLE User Interface
Other IDEs
Other Launch Options
Which Option Should I Use?
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part I Exercises
Types and Operations
Chapter 4 Introducing Python Object Types
Why Use Built-in Types?
Numbers
Strings
Lists
Dictionaries
Tuples
Files
Other Core Types
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 5 Numeric Types
Numeric Type Basics
Numbers in Action
Other Numeric Types
Numeric Extensions
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 6 The Dynamic Typing Interlude
The Case of the Missing Declaration Statements
Shared References
Dynamic Typing Is Everywhere
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 7 Strings
String Literals
Strings in Action
String Methods
String Formatting Expressions
String Formatting Method Calls
General Type Categories
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 8 Lists and Dictionaries
Lists
Lists in Action
Dictionaries
Dictionaries in Action
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 9 Tuples, Files, and Everything Else
Tuples
Files
Type Categories Revisited
Object Flexibility
References Versus Copies
Comparisons, Equality, and Truth
Python’s Type Hierarchies
Other Types in Python
Built-in Type Gotchas
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part II Exercises
Statements and Syntax
Chapter 10 Introducing Python Statements
Python Program Structure Revisited
A Tale of Two ifs
A Quick Example: Interactive Loops
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 11 Assignments, Expressions, and Prints
Assignment Statements
Expression Statements
Print Operations
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 12 if Tests and Syntax Rules
if Statements
Python Syntax Rules
Truth Tests
The if/else Ternary Expression
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 13 while and for Loops
while Loops
break, continue, pass, and the Loop else
for Loops
Loop Coding Techniques
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 14 Iterations and Comprehensions, Part 1
Iterators: A First Look
List Comprehensions: A First Look
Other Iteration Contexts
New Iterables in Python 3.0
Other Iterator Topics
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 15 The Documentation Interlude
Python Documentation Sources
Common Coding Gotchas
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part III Exercises
Functions
Chapter 16 Function Basics
Why Use Functions?
Coding Functions
A First Example: Definitions and Calls
A Second Example: Intersecting Sequences
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 17 Scopes
Python Scope Basics
The global Statement
Scopes and Nested Functions
The nonlocal Statement
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 18 Arguments
Argument-Passing Basics
Special Argument-Matching Modes
The min Wakeup Call!
Generalized Set Functions
Emulating the Python 3.0 print Function
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 19 Advanced Function Topics
Function Design Concepts
Recursive Functions
Function Objects: Attributes and Annotations
Anonymous Functions: lambda
Mapping Functions over Sequences: map
Functional Programming Tools: filter and reduce
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 20 Iterations and Comprehensions, Part 2
List Comprehensions Revisited: Functional Tools
Iterators Revisited: Generators
3.0 Comprehension Syntax Summary
Timing Iteration Alternatives
Function Gotchas
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part IV Exercises
Modules
Chapter 21 Modules: The Big Picture
Why Use Modules?
Python Program Architecture
How Imports Work
The Module Search Path
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 22 Module Coding Basics
Module Creation
Module Usage
Module Namespaces
Reloading Modules
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 23 Module Packages
Package Import Basics
Package Import Example
Why Use Package Imports?
Package Relative Imports
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 24 Advanced Module Topics
Data Hiding in Modules
Enabling Future Language Features
Mixed Usage Modes: __name__ and __main__
Changing the Module Search Path
The as Extension for import and from
Modules Are Objects: Metaprograms
Importing Modules by Name String
Transitive Module Reloads
Module Design Concepts
Module Gotchas
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part V Exercises
Classes and OOP
Chapter 25 OOP: The Big Picture
Why Use Classes?
OOP from 30,000 Feet
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 26 Class Coding Basics
Classes Generate Multiple Instance Objects
Classes Are Customized by Inheritance
Classes Can Intercept Python Operators
The World’s Simplest Python Class
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 27 A More Realistic Example
Step 1: Making Instances
Step 2: Adding Behavior Methods
Step 3: Operator Overloading
Step 4: Customizing Behavior by Subclassing
Step 5: Customizing Constructors, Too
Step 6: Using Introspection Tools
Step 7 (Final): Storing Objects in a Database
Future Directions
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 28 Class Coding Details
The class Statement
Methods
Inheritance
Namespaces: The Whole Story
Documentation Strings Revisited
Classes Versus Modules
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 29 Operator Overloading
The Basics
Indexing and Slicing: __getitem__ and __setitem__
Index Iteration: __getitem__
Iterator Objects: __iter__ and __next__
Membership: __contains__, __iter__, and __getitem__
Attribute Reference: __getattr__ and __setattr__
String Representation: __repr__ and __str__
Right-Side and In-Place Addition: __radd__ and __iadd__
Call Expressions: __call__
Comparisons: __lt__, __gt__, and Others
Boolean Tests: __bool__ and __len__
Object Destruction: __del__
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 30 Designing with Classes
Python and OOP
OOP and Inheritance: “Is-a” Relationships
OOP and Composition: “Has-a” Relationships
OOP and Delegation: “Wrapper” Objects
Pseudoprivate Class Attributes
Methods Are Objects: Bound or Unbound
Multiple Inheritance: “Mix-in” Classes
Classes Are Objects: Generic Object Factories
Other Design-Related Topics
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 31 Advanced Class Topics
Extending Built-in Types
The “New-Style” Class Model
New-Style Class Changes
New-Style Class Extensions
Static and Class Methods
Decorators and Metaclasses: Part 1
Class Gotchas
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part VI Exercises
Exceptions and Tools
Chapter 32 Exception Basics
Why Use Exceptions?
Exceptions: The Short Story
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 33 Exception Coding Details
The try/except/else Statement
The try/finally Statement
Unified try/except/finally
The raise Statement
The assert Statement
with/as Context Managers
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 34 Exception Objects
Exceptions: Back to the Future
Why Exception Hierarchies?
Built-in Exception Classes
Custom Print Displays
Custom Data and Behavior
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 35 Designing with Exceptions
Nesting Exception Handlers
Exception Idioms
Exception Design Tips and Gotchas
Core Language Summary
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Test Your Knowledge: Part VII Exercises
Advanced Topics
Chapter 36 Unicode and Byte Strings
String Changes in 3.0
String Basics
Python 3.0 Strings in Action
Coding Unicode Strings
Using 3.0 Bytes Objects
Using 3.0 (and 2.6) bytearray Objects
Using Text and Binary Files
Using Unicode Files
Other String Tool Changes in 3.0
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 37 Managed Attributes
Why Manage Attributes?
Properties
Descriptors
__getattr__ and __getattribute__
Example: Attribute Validations
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Chapter 38 Decorators
What’s a Decorator?
The Basics
Coding Function Decorators
Coding Class Decorators
Managing Functions and Classes Directly
Example: “Private” and “Public” Attributes
Example: Validating Function Arguments
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Chapter 39 Metaclasses
To Metaclass or Not to Metaclass
The Metaclass Model
Declaring Metaclasses
Coding Metaclasses
Example: Adding Methods to Classes
Example: Applying Decorators to Methods
Chapter Summary
Test Your Knowledge: Quiz
Test Your Knowledge: Answers
Appendixes
Appendix Installation and Configuration
Installing the Python Interpreter
Configuring Python
For More Help
Appendix Solutions to End-of-Part Exercises
Part I, Getting Started
Part II, Types and Operations
Part III, Statements and Syntax
Part IV, Functions
Part V, Modules
Part VI, Classes and OOP
Part VII, Exceptions and Tools
Colophon
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