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This highly original book -- the first in a series analyzing historical population behavior in Europe and Asia -- pioneers a new approach to the comparative analysis of societies in the past. Using techniques of event history analysis, the authors examine 100,000 life histories in 100 rural communities in Western Europe and Asia to analyze the demographic response to social and economic pressures. In doing so they challenge the accepted Eurocentric Malthusian view of population processes and demonstrate that population behavior has not been as uniform as previously thought -- that it has often been determined by human agency, particularly social structure and cultural practice.The authors examine the complex relationship between human behavior and social and economic environment, analyzing age, gender, family, kinship, social class and social organization, climate, food prices, and real wages to compare mortality responses to adversity. Their research at the individual, household, and community levels challenges the previously accepted characterizations of social and economic behavior in Europe and Asia in the past. The originality of the analysis as well as the geographic breadth and historical depth of the data make Life Under Pressure a significant advance in the field of historical demography. Its findings will be of interest to scholars in economics, environmental studies, demography, history, and sociology as well as the general reader interested in these subjects.

James Z. Lee (1952 -) is Chair Professor of History and Sociology and the Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Faculty Associate at the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan, and Jiangxi Chair Visiting Scholar at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. He and his colleagues in the Lee-Campbell Research Group construct, analyze, and disseminate Big Social Science Data collections dealing with historical and contemporary China. Their research findings from these data fuel a new scholarship of discovery featured in A New History for A New China, a Coursera Massive Open On-line Course, www.coursera.org/course/newchinahistory1 designed to show how such facts complicate our current understandings in Part One of comparative societies, in Part Two of human behavior, and in Part Three of the construction of individual and group identities.

Malthus's Pespective
1 New Malthusian Perspectives--James Z.Lee, Cameron Campbell, Tommy Bengtsson
Comparative Geographies
2 Living standards and Economic Stress--Tommy Bengtsson
3 Economic Stress and Mortality--Cameron Campbell, James Z.Lee, Tommy Bengtsson
4 Family and Community--James Z. Lee, Tommy Bengtsson, Cameron Campbell
5 Society and Mortality--James Z. lee, Cameron Campbell, Wang Feng
Local Histories
6 Mortality and Social Class in Four Scanian Parishes, 1766-7865--Tommy Bengtsson
7 Mortality and Modernization in Sart and Surroundings, 1812-1900-- George Alter, Muriel Neven,Michel Oris
8 Mortality and Environment in Three Emilian, Tuscan, and Venetian Communities, 1800-1883--Marco Breschi, Renzo Derosas, Matteo Manfredini
9 Mortality and Household inTwo Ou Villages,1716-1870--Noriko O. Tsuya and Satomi Kurosu
10 Mortality and Household in Seven Liaodong Populations,1749-1909--Cameron Campbell and James Z. Lee
Comparative Demographies
11 Gender Differences in Mortality-- George Alter, Matteo Manfredini, Paul Nystedt
12 Infant and Child Mortality-- Michel Oris, Renzo Derosas, Marco Breschi
13 Old-age Mortality-- Noriko O.Tsuya and Paul Nystedt
14 Agency and Demograpyh: Eurasian Comprisons of Life under Presssure--James Z. Lee, Cameron Campbell, Tommy Bengtsson
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