圖書標籤: 生物學 Evolution 進化論 進化 英語 纍贅理論 科普 科學
发表于2024-11-25
The Handicap Principle pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024
Ever since Darwin, animal behaviour has intrigued and perplexed human observers. The elaborate mating rituals, lavish decorative displays, complex songs, calls, dances and many other forms of animal signalling raise fascinating questions. To what degree can animals communicate within their own species and even between species? What evolutionary purpose do such communications serve? Perhaps most importantly, what can animal signalling tell us about our own non-verbal forms of communication? In The Handicap Principle, Amotz and Ashivag Zahavi offer a unifying theory that brilliantly explains many previously baffling aspects of animal signalling and holds up a mirror in which ordinary human behaviours take on surprising new significance. The wide-ranging implications of the Zahavis' new theory make it arguably the most important advance in animal behaviour in decades. Based on 20 years of painstaking observation, the Handicap Principle illuminates an astonishing variety of signalling behaviours in animals ranging from ants and ameba to peacocks amd gazelles. Essentially, the theory asserts that for animal signals to be effective they must be reliable, and to be reliable they must impose a cost, or handicap, on the signaller. When a gazelle sights a wolf, for instance, and jumps high into the air several times before fleeing, it is signalling, in a reliable way, that it is in tip-top condition, easily able to outrun the wolf. (A human parallel occurs in children's games of tag, where faster children will often taunt their pursuer before running). By momentarily handicapping itself-expending precious time and energy in this display-the gazelle underscores the truthfulness of its signal. Such signalling, the authors suggest, serves the interests of both predator and prey, sparing each the exhaustion of a pointless chase. Similarly, the enormous cost a peacock incurs by carrying its elaborate and weighty tail-feathers, which interfere with food gathering, reliably communicates its value as a mate able to provide for its offspring. Perhaps the book's most important application of the Handicap Principle is to the evolutionary enigma of animal altruism. The authors convincingly demonstrate that when an animal acts altruistically, it handicaps itself-assumes a risk or endures a sacrifice-not primarily to benefit its kin or social group but to increase its own prestige within the group and thus signal its status as a partner or rival. Finally, the Zahavis' show how many forms of non-verbal communication among humans can also be explained by the Handicap Principle. Indeed, the authors suggest that non-verbal signals-tones of voice, facial expressions, body postures-are quite often more reliable indicators of our intentions than is language. Elegantly written, exhaustively researched, and consistently enlivened by equal measures of insight and example, The Handicap Principle illuminates virtually every kind of animal communication. It not only allows us to hear what animals are saying to each other-and to understand why they are saying it-but also to see the enormously important role non-verbal behaviour plays in human communication.
这本书可以讲是继达尔文《物种起源》后解析人类进化的仅有一部力作。他合理地解释了目前很多连人类自己都感动困扰的又经常发生在自己身上的特异行为,让我们对人性有了一个更深刻的认识。人类是为生存和繁殖而存在,几乎所有的行为都是围绕着这两个永恒的追求而展开。什么时候...
評分这本书可以讲是继达尔文《物种起源》后解析人类进化的仅有一部力作。他合理地解释了目前很多连人类自己都感动困扰的又经常发生在自己身上的特异行为,让我们对人性有了一个更深刻的认识。人类是为生存和繁殖而存在,几乎所有的行为都是围绕着这两个永恒的追求而展开。什么时候...
評分这本书可以讲是继达尔文《物种起源》后解析人类进化的仅有一部力作。他合理地解释了目前很多连人类自己都感动困扰的又经常发生在自己身上的特异行为,让我们对人性有了一个更深刻的认识。人类是为生存和繁殖而存在,几乎所有的行为都是围绕着这两个永恒的追求而展开。什么时候...
評分这本书可以讲是继达尔文《物种起源》后解析人类进化的仅有一部力作。他合理地解释了目前很多连人类自己都感动困扰的又经常发生在自己身上的特异行为,让我们对人性有了一个更深刻的认识。人类是为生存和繁殖而存在,几乎所有的行为都是围绕着这两个永恒的追求而展开。什么时候...
評分这本书可以讲是继达尔文《物种起源》后解析人类进化的仅有一部力作。他合理地解释了目前很多连人类自己都感动困扰的又经常发生在自己身上的特异行为,让我们对人性有了一个更深刻的认识。人类是为生存和繁殖而存在,几乎所有的行为都是围绕着这两个永恒的追求而展开。什么时候...
The Handicap Principle pdf epub mobi txt 電子書 下載 2024