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The Buddhist literature generally consists of the sayings of the Buddha and the works by subsequent scholars, which are termed as Sutra and Sastra respectively. These works pertaining to various schools are originally available mainly in three languages: Pali, Sanskrit and Apabhramsa. The Pali Canon is the canon of Theravadins for the Tripitaka of Theravadins is available in Pali. Following the terminology and norms of the Sanskrit grammarians, the Theravadins have also composed grammars of the Pali language.

The present work, submitted for the award of the Ph.D. degree in Pali from the University of Pune, is an attempt to study the technical terminology and the technique of the three Pali grammars from the comparative point of view and is an initial step in making a detailed comparison of the Pali grammatical treatises with their Sanskrit counter-parts. The work presents a brief historical sketch of the Pali grammatical tradition and introduces three Pali grammars viz. the Astadhyayi, the Katantra Vyakarana and the Candra Vyakarana. It studies in all 166 technical terms classified into eight sub-sections according to the different linguistic categories such as: the phonetic terminology, the terminology related to the morphophonemic changes, the morphological terminology, etc. Each term is explained according to its definition and usage. It is then compared with its Sanskrit counterpart in the Astadhyayi, the Katantra Vyakarana and the Candra Vyakarana. An attempt is also made to trace its origin and development in the Sanskrit tradition and to compare the overall technique and different technical devices used by the Pali and the Sanskrit grammarians. The study also records some observations drawn from the data collected for this purpose.

The present work reveals the fact that the Pali Atthakathas of Buddhaghosa, Buddhadatta and Dhammapala show the existence of a limited indigenous Pali grammatical terminology different from that of Sanskrit and that around 80% of the terms used by the Pali grammarians come from Sanskrit sources. While many of these are familiar from the standard grammar books (Astadhyayi, Katantra Vyakarana, Candra Vyakarana, and their respective commentaries), others are drawn from the Brahmanas, Yaska’s Nirukta, the Pratisakhyas and the Siksa literature.

While there are several works studying the Tripitakas from various points of view, there are not many works doing a comparative study of the Pali and the Sanskrit grammars. Prof. Mahesh Deokar therefore deserves compliments for undertaking this type of study. The Institute intends to promote the study of Pali along with Tibetan and Sanskrit and is pleased to publish this work as a concrete step in that direction. We sincerely wish that the publication of this work will be welcomed by the readers and will motivate further study in this rather unexplored field.

Publisher’s Note iii
Acknowledgements v
Abbreviations vii
Table of Contents xi
Foreword xxiii
Preface xxix
Chapter One 1
Introduction 1
A Brief Historical Sketch of the Pali Grammatical Tradition 1
Aim and Purpose of the Pali Grammars 4
Kaccayana 7
Kaccayana Vyakarana and Its Author 7
Date 8
Title 10
Composition 10
Sources, Nature and Scope 12
Scheme 14
Omissions with Reference to Panini’s Astadhyayi 16
Alterations made by Kaccayana with Reference to Astadhyayi 16
Saddaniti 18
Introduction 18
Author and Date 18
Composition 19
Sources 20
Nature and Scope 21
Scheme 24
Additions made by Aggavamsa with Reference to Kaccayana 27
Alterations made by Aggavamsa with Reference to Kaccayana 27
Moggallana Vyakarana 28
Author and Date 28
Composition 29
Sources 29
Scope and Nature 29
Scheme 31
Omissions made by Moggallana with Reference to Kaccayana 34
Additions made by Moggallana with reference to Kaccayana 34
Alteration made by Moggallana with reference to Kaccayana 34
Astadhyayi 36
Introduction 36
Date 36
Nature and Scope 36
Scheme 39
Katantra Vyakarana 43
Introduction 43
Author and Date 43
Composition 43
Sources 44
Purpose, Nature and Scope 44
Scheme 46
Omissions in the Katantra Vyakarana 50
Alterations made by Sarvavarman 50
Candra Vyakarana 51
Introduction 51
Author and Date 51
Nature 52
Scheme 53
Omissions in the Candra Vyakarana 55
Alterations made by Candra in the arrangement of the subject matter 55
Observations 57
Chapter Two: Technical Terminology 63
Introduction 63
The Grammatical Terminology of the Atthakathas 66
Phonetic Terminology 74
Akkhara, Vanna 74
Savanna 79
Sara 83
Byanjana / Vyanjana 86
Rassa, Digha 90
Vagga 96
Garu, Lahu 99
Ghosa, Aghosa 103
Sithila, Dhanita 107
Sarnbaddha, Vavatthita 110
Niggahita 112
Vimutta 116
Vuddhi, Guna 118
Upadha 121
Antassaradi 123
Anuhandha 125
Thana, Karana, Payatana 127
Terminology related to the Morphophonemic Changes 129
Sandhi 129
Pubba, Para 135
Lopa 136
Aama 139
Samyoga and Visamyoga 144
Viyoga and Paranayana 146
Vipariyaya / Vipallasa 149
Vikara 152
Viparita 155
Morphological Terminology 159
I. Terms denoting the basic morphological categories 159
Pada 159
Litga / Nama / Patipadika / Sadda 164
Dhatu 169
Paccaya 173
II. Terminology denoting inflectional classes of nominals 175
III. Terms denoting nominal and verbal inflections 178
Vibbatti 178
Vacana (Number) 181
Case terminology 184
Alapana / Amantana 187
Sambuddhi / Ga 190
Tenses and Moods 191
Parassapada, Attanopada 198
Purisa 202
Sabbadhatuka, Asabbadhatuka 205
IV. Terms denoting other suffixes 209
Taddhita 209
Samasanta 212
Kita 214
Kicca 218
Vikarana 220
Karita 224
Terminology Denoting the Parts of Speech 226
Nama 226
Sabbanama 228
Visesana 232
Abyaya 233
Upasagga, Nipata 236
Kammappavacaniya 243
Akhyata 245
Vippakata 248
Bhavanapumsaka 249
Terminology Denoting the Syntactic Relations 251
Karaka 251
Kattar 255
Kamma 261
Karana 266
Sampadana 269
Apadana 272
Okasa 275
Sami / Sambandha 279
Terminology Denoting Complex Formations 284
Vutti 284
Samasa 286
Types of Compounds 289
Avyayibhava 291
Tappurisa 293
Kammadharaya 297
Digu 299
Bahubbihi 301
Dvanda 304
Ekasesa 306
Terminology Denoting Various Grammatical Concepts 308
Linga (Grammatical gender) 308
Bhava 310
Technical Terminology Denoting the Past, the Present, and the Future 314
Miscellaneous Terms 320
Abbhasa 320
Upapada 321
Observations 324
Conclusions 327
Chapter 3: Comparative Analysis of the Technique of the Pali and the Sanskrit Grammarians 341
Aim and Nature 341
Arrangement 342
The Manner of Description General and Particular Rules 343
The Sutra Style 344
Rule Formations 346
Nominal Style 349
Meta-language 350
Other Technical Devices 353
Ellipsis 353
Section Headings (Adhikara) 354
Technical Terminology 355
Rules of Interpretation 357
Indicatory Letters (Anubandhas) 360
Technique of Ready Mention (Nipatamu) 362
Use of Codified Suffixes 363
Use of the Particle ca 365
Use of the Option Markers 367
Mention of the Verbal Roots 369
Absence of Abbreviations 370
Use of the Common Denominators 370
Principles Governing Selection of a Rule 371
Grammatical Description 374
Alphabet 374
Treatment of Sandhi 374
Nominal Inflection 376
Syntax 377
Compounds 378
Taddhita 378
Treatment of Verbal Inflection 379
Treatment of Primary Derivatives 382
Difference in the Grammatical Description 382
Observations 383
Chapter 4: Conclusion 386
Appendix One 393
Works Related to the School of Kaccayana 393
Works Related to the School of Saddaniti 399
Works Related to Moggallana Vyakarana 400
Other Grammatical Works 402
Appendix Two 404
Concordance One: Terms Common to All the Three Pali Grammars with Their Parallels in the Three Sanskrit Grammars 404
Concordance Two: Terms Common only to the Kaccayana and the Saddaniti with Their Parallels in Other Grammars 408
Concordance Three: Terms Common only to the Saddaniti and the Moggallana Vyakarana with their Parallels in Other Grammars 412
Concordance Four: Terms found only in the Saddaniti with their Parallels in Astadhyayi 413
Concordance Five: Terms found only in the Moggallana Vyakarana with their Parallels in Other Grammars 414
Appendix Three 415
Concordance of Parallel Citations 415
Bibliography 422
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