Resource-poor farmers tend to have more limited access to research, training and advisory services than do resource-rich farmers. And while access to agricultural services is not the only factor that can enhance rural people's livelihoods, it is a very important one. What role do farmer organizations play in improving access to these services for the poor? Do poor farmers participate in farmer organizations? Or do farmer organizations have other strategies to improve the livelihoods of poor farmers?Questions like these are key to identifying new approaches for strengthening the capacity of farmer organizations to enhance the pro-poor aspects and accessibility of agricultural services. Using case studies in Benin, Rwanda and Tanzania, researchers from the Royal Tropical Institute and partner organizations in those countries have developed and applied a framework for analyzing the functioning of farmer organizations and their role in service provision. The results show that different types of farmer organizations have different ways of dealing with the question of social inclusion, depending on the organization's background and membership profile, as well as its purpose and organizational structure, and these differences can have important consequences for the provision of services to both members and non-members.