Primate Anatomy, Third Edition pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

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出版者:Academic Press

作者:Friderun Ankel-Simons

出品人:

页数:752

译者:

出版时间:2007-1-22

价格:USD 89.95

装帧:Paperback

isbn号码:9780123725769

丛书系列:

图书标签:

• Primate Anatomy
• Anatomy
• Primate
• Mammalian Biology
• Zoology
• Evolutionary Biology
• Comparative Anatomy
• Veterinary Science
• Biology
• Paleontology

The Atlas of Comparative Mammalian Osteology A Comprehensive Guide to Skeletal Structure and Evolutionary Adaptation Authors: Dr. Eleanor Vance, Professor Emeritus of Evolutionary Biology, and Dr. Julian Hayes, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology Publisher: Apex Scientific Press ISBN: 978-1-56789-012-3 Edition: First Edition --- Book Overview The Atlas of Comparative Mammalian Osteology is a monumental scholarly work dedicated to the detailed anatomical examination and evolutionary interpretation of the mammalian skeleton across diverse lineages. This comprehensive volume moves beyond the typical survey anatomy textbook, offering a deep, comparative analysis of skeletal architecture, function, and phylogenetic signals in over fifty selected extant and extinct mammalian orders. It is conceived not merely as a reference, but as an interpretive tool designed to bridge the gap between detailed morphology and macroevolutionary processes. The book is structured logically, moving from foundational principles of bone histology and development to complex regional specialization, ultimately synthesizing these observations into a broad discussion of adaptation and diversification throughout Cenozoic history. The primary objective is to equip advanced students, researchers in morphology, paleontology, and evolutionary biology with the foundational knowledge necessary to accurately interpret fossil remains, understand functional constraints on morphology, and reconstruct the phylogeny of mammals based on skeletal evidence. --- Detailed Contents and Structure The Atlas is divided into four main Parts, comprising twenty-two chapters and extensive appendices. Each chapter features high-resolution, expert-drawn illustrations, original radiographic data, and comparative tables detailing measurements across various taxa. Part I: Foundations of Mammalian Skeletal Structure (Chapters 1–5) This foundational section establishes the necessary groundwork for comparative study. Chapter 1: Bone as a Living Tissue: Histological and Developmental Perspectives. A thorough review of intramembranous and endochondral ossification, bone remodeling dynamics, and the microscopic architecture of compact and cancellous bone in adult mammals. Emphasis is placed on how growth plate mechanics influence adult skeletal proportions and variation. Chapter 2: Principles of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics. This chapter introduces the core concepts linking skeletal form to mechanical loading. It explores Wolff’s Law in detail, analyzing stress distribution in long bones, joint congruency, and the derivation of muscle attachment sites (processes and fossae) based on loading regimes experienced during locomotion. Topics include the mechanics of lever systems within the appendicular skeleton. Chapter 3: The Vertebral Column: Regional Specialization and Constraint. A deep dive into the morphological divergence across the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal regions. Detailed comparative charts illustrate vertebral count variation, the structure of costal articulations, and the role of zygapophyses in establishing spinal rigidity or flexibility. The evolution of the flexible neck in artiodactyls versus the stiffened trunk in cursorial carnivores is discussed through osteological evidence. Chapter 4: Comparative Cranial Sutures and Growth Trajectories. Focus shifts to the skull, examining the closure patterns of major cranial sutures (e.g., coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal) as indicators of developmental timing (heterochrony). Analysis includes the differences in neurocranial vs. splanchnocranial growth rates across representative groups like marsupials and placentals. Chapter 5: Dental Tissues and Occlusion Mechanics: The Integrated Skeleton. Although not strictly skeletal, the dentition is analyzed here as an integral component of the masticatory apparatus, heavily influencing mandibular and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) morphology. Detailed analysis of cusp patterns, enamel thickness variation, and the biomechanics of shearing versus crushing occlusion. Part II: The Appendicular Skeleton: Locomotion and Adaptation (Chapters 6–11) This section systematically compares the pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs, emphasizing their role in defining locomotor capabilities. Chapter 6: The Pectoral Girdle: Stability vs. Mobility. A comparative study of the scapula and clavicle, highlighting the reduction or loss of the clavicle in specialized runners (e.g., equids) versus its retention for arboreal maneuvering (e.g., primates, lesser-known sciurids). Examination of the glenoid orientation and its implications for the range of motion at the shoulder joint. Chapter 7: Forelimb Kinematics: Humerus and Radio-Ulnar Articulation. Focus on the humeral shaft robusticity, deltoid ridge development, and the critical differences in the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints that dictate pronation/supination capabilities. Extensive comparative plates illustrate the morphology in grasping, digging, and cursorial forms. Chapter 8: The Pelvic Girdle: Weight Transmission and Stride Mechanics. Detailed morphological analysis of the pelvis (ilium, ischium, pubis), concentrating on acetabular depth and orientation. The chapter contrasts the broad, stabilizing pelvis of ungulates with the narrow, vertically oriented pelvis required for efficient bipedal locomotion. Chapter 9: Hindlimb Specialization: Femoral Architecture and Post-Femoral Adaptation. In-depth examination of the femur, including the angle of the neck, prominence of the greater trochanter, and the development of the patellar groove. The chapter examines features related to hindlimb specialization, such as the elongation ratio of tibia/fibula relative to the femur in saltatorial and cursorial taxa. Chapter 10: Foot Morphology: From Plantigrade to Unguligrade Transition. This crucial chapter dissects the evolutionary trajectory of the pes (hindfoot). It charts the modification of tarsals and metatarsals, detailing the shift from grasping feet to highly specialized weight-bearing structures. Specific attention is paid to the fusion events in the tarsus observed in specialized groups. Chapter 11: Hand Morphology: Grasping, Digging, and Manipulative Structures. A detailed comparative survey of the manus (forefoot), focusing on carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Analysis of manual dexterity, including the evolution of opposable digits and the fusion patterns in the carpus that enhance stability for digging or weight-bearing. Part III: Specialized Skeletal Systems (Chapters 12–16) This section addresses cranial architecture and the unique adaptations found in sensory and respiratory systems. Chapter 12: The Basicranium: Auditory Apparatus and Vestibular System. Detailed internal and external morphology of the temporal bone complex. Analysis of the middle ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and their derivation from reptilian jaw elements, a key area in mammalian phylogeny. Discussion of cochlear coiling variation related to frequency sensitivity. Chapter 13: Orbital Structure and Visual Ecology. Examination of postorbital bar/closure variation and its correlation with visual ecology (nocturnal vs. diurnal). Detailed measurement of orbital diameter relative to cranial capacity as an indicator of reliance on vision. Chapter 14: Respiratory Structures: The Rib Cage and Sternum. Comparative rib morphology, focusing on the curvature, articulation with vertebrae, and the functional separation between the thoracic and abdominal cavities mediated by the diaphragm attachment sites on the sternum and lower ribs. Chapter 15: Skeletal Adaptations for Aquatic Life. A dedicated comparative chapter analyzing convergent evolution in marine mammals (Cetacea, Sirenia). Focus on the elongation of the vertebral column, modifications of the sternum for lung stability, and the reduction/reorganization of the pelvic girdle. Chapter 16: Skeletal Adaptations for Aerial Locomotion and Flight. Focused study on Chiroptera (bats). Analysis of the hyper-elongation of the manual digits, fusion patterns of the wing metacarpals, and the profound remodeling of the pectoral girdle necessary to support the aerodynamic membrane. Part IV: Evolutionary Synthesis and Interpretation (Chapters 17–22) The final part synthesizes the morphological data into broader evolutionary narratives. Chapter 17: Reconstructing Ancestral States: Homology vs. Analogy in Mammalian Skeletons. A methodological chapter discussing cladistic approaches to skeletal data, emphasizing the rigorous identification of homologous structures across divergent groups (e.g., homology of the ear ossicles across various synapsid lineages). Chapter 18: Paleohistology and Life History Reconstruction. Introduction to techniques for analyzing bone histology (e.g., LAG identification) to estimate growth rates, longevity, and reproductive maturity in extinct mammals based on skeletal samples. Chapter 19: Case Study: The Evolution of Cursoriality in Ungulates. A comprehensive osteological analysis tracking the limb elongation, digit reduction (e.g., reduction to one or two functional digits), and the resulting modifications to the tarsus and carpus in Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla. Chapter 20: Case Study: Skeletal Diversification in Rodentia. Analysis of the extreme morphological plasticity within Rodentia, focusing on the unique modifications of the incisors’ roots (which anchor deep into the skull) and the resulting structural demands placed upon the mandible and zygomatic arches. Chapter 21: Evolutionary Trends in Neural Crest Cell Derivatives and Skeletal Variation. Discussion linking early embryonic patterning (neural crest migration) to observed variation in the skeleton, particularly concerning structures derived from the pharyngeal arches. Chapter 22: Future Directions in Comparative Osteology: 3D Morphometrics and Virtual Reconstruction. An outlook on how emerging technologies, including CT scanning, micro-CT, and geometric morphometrics, are refining the analysis of skeletal topology and shape variation beyond traditional linear measurements. --- Appendices Appendix A: Standardized Measurements and Data Tables: A comprehensive, cross-referenced index of key measurements (e.g., cranial length, humeral torsion angle, pedal digit ratios) across all surveyed taxa. Appendix B: Glossary of Specialized Osteological Terminology: Definitions for hundreds of specialized terms used throughout the text, cross-referenced with relevant chapter sections. Appendix C: Comparative Phylogenetic Trees: Detailed, fully illustrated phylogenetic hypotheses showing the placement of all analyzed taxa, facilitating the understanding of derived vs. ancestral character states. --- Target Audience This textbook is essential for graduate students in Zoology, Anatomy, and Paleontology. It will also serve as the definitive reference for professional researchers in comparative morphology, evolutionary biology, zooarchaeology, and vertebrate systematics seeking a rigorous, morphologically grounded approach to mammalian diversity. Its depth of coverage and reliance on primary anatomical observations distinguish it as a cornerstone text, moving beyond descriptive accounts to offer deep functional and phylogenetic interpretations.

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