Brief Contents
CHAPTER 1 Educational Psychology： A Foundation for Teaching 1
What Makes a Good Teacher？ 2
Knowing the Subject Matters（But So Does Teaching Skill）2
Mastering Teaching Skills 3
Can Good Teaching Be Taught？ 4
The IntenrionaITeacher 4
21st Century Skills 7
What Is the Role ofResearch in Educational Psychology？ 8
The Goal of Research in Educational Psychology 9
TheValue of Research in Educational Psychology toYou the Teacher
Teaching as Deasion Making 9
I THEORY INTO PRACTI（E Teaching as Deasion Making 11
Research+Common Sense = Effective Teaching 12
Research on Effective Programs 12
Impaa of Research on Educational Practice 13
I THEORY INTO PRACTICE How to Be an Intelligent Consumer of Educational Psychology Research 13
What Research Methods Are Used in Educational Psychology？ 14
Experiments 15
Correlational Studies 17
Descriptive Research 19
Action Research 20
How Can I Become an Intentional Teacher？ 20
Teacher Certificarion 20
Beyond Certification 22
Chapter 1 Summary 24
Key Terms 25
Self—Assessment： Practicing for Licensure 26
MyEducationLab 27
CHAPTER 2 Cognitive，Language，and Literacy Development 28
How Do Children Develop Cognitively？ 29
Aspects of Development 30
Issues of Development 30
How Did Piaget View Cognitive Development？ 31
How Development Occurs 31
Piaget's Stages of Developmcnt 32
How Is Piaget's Work Viewed Today？ 39
Criticisms and Revisions of Piaget's Theory 39
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Educational Implications of Piaget's Theory 39
Neo—Piagetian Views of Development 40
How DidVygotsky View Cognitive Development？ 41
How Development Occurs 41
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Classroom Applications of Vygotsky'sTheory 43
How Do Language and Literacy Develop？ 44
Language and Literacy Development during the Preschool Years 44
THEORYINTO PRACTICE Promoting Literacy Developmentin Young Children 46
Language and Literacy Development during the Elementary and Secondary Years 47
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Building Vocabularyin Elementary and Secondary Schools 47
Chapter 2 Summary 48
THE INTENTIONAL TEACHER Using What You Know about Development to tmprove Teaching and Learning 48
Key Terms 50
Self—Assessment： Practiang for Licensure 50
MyEducationLab 51
CHAPTER 3 Social，Moral，and Emotional Development 52
What Are Some Views of Personal and Social Development？ 53
Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development 54
Implications and Cfiticisms of Erikson's Theory 56
What Are Some Views of Moral Development？ 57
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development 57
Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Reasoning 58
Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory 60
How Do Children Develop Socially and Emotionally？ 61
Socioemotional Development during the Elementary Years 63
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Promoting the Development of Self—Esteem 65
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Helping Children Develop Soaal Skills 67
Socioemotional Development during the Middle School and High School Years 67
THE INTENTIONAL TEACHER Using What You Know about Early Childhood，Middle Childhood，and Adolescent Students to Improve Teaching and Learning 72
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Preventing Adolescents' Problems 74
Chapter 3 Summary 74
Key Terms 75
Self—Assessment： Practicing for Licensure 76
MyEducationLab 77
CHAPTER 4 Student Diversity 78
What Is the Impact of Culture on Teaching and Learning？ 80
How Does Socioeconomic Status Affect Student Achievement？ 80
The Role ofChild—Rearing Practices 82
The Link between Income and Summer Learning 83
The Role of Schools as Middle—Class Institutions 84
School and Communiry Factors 84
Promoring Resilience among Students Who Are Disadvantaged 85
School，Family，and Community Parmcrships 85
THEORY INTO PRAaICE Parent Involvement 86
Supporting the Achievement of Children from Low—Income Groups 87
Nonschool Solutions to Achievement Problems of Children Who Are Disadvantaged 87
Implications for Teachers 88
How Do Ethrucity and Race Affect Students' School Experiences？ 89
Racial and Ethnic Composition of the United States 89
Academic Achievement of Students from Underrepresented Groups 90
Barriers to the Achievement of Students from Underrepresented Croups 90
Stereotype Threat 92
Effects of School Desegregation 93
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Teaching in a Culturally Diverse School 94
How Do Language Differences and Bilingual Programs Affect Student Achievement？ 95
Bilingual Education 95
THEORY INTO PRACTKE Teaching English Learners 96
What Is Multicultural Education？ 98
Dimensions of Multicultural Education 98
Global Awareness 100
How Do Gender and Gender Bias Affect Students' School Experiences？ 100
Male and Female Thinking and Learning 100
The Boy Crisis 101
Sex—Role Stereotyping and Gender Bias 102
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Avoiding Gender Bias in Teaching 102
How Do Students Differ in Intelligence and Learning Styles？ 103
Defmitions of Intelligence 104
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Multiple Intelligences 106
Origins of Intelligence 106
Theories of Learning Styles 107
Aptitude—Treannent Interacrions 107
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Understanding Diverse Thinkers 108
THE INTENTIONAL TEACHER Using What You Know about Student Diversity to Improve Teaching and Learning 108
Chapter 4 Summary 110
Key Terms 111
Self—Assessment： Practiang for Licensure 112
MyEducationLab 113
CHAPTER 5 Behavioral Theories of Learning 114
What Is Learning？ 116
What Are Behavioral Leanung Theories？ 117
Pavlov： Classical Conditioning 117
Skinner： Operant Conditioning 117
What Are Some Principles of Behavioral Learning？ 119
The Role of Consequences 119
Reinforcers 119
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Oassroom Uses of Reinforcement 121
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Practical Reinforcers 122
Punishers 124
Immediacy of Consequences 125
Shaping 126
Extinction 127
Schedules of Reinforcement 128
Maintenance 129
The Role of Anrecedents 130
How Has Social Learning Theory Contributed to Our Understanding of Human Learning？ 132
Bandura： Modeling and Observational Learrung 132
THEORY INTO PRACTICE Observational Learning 133
Meichenbaum's Model of Self—Regulated Learning 134
Self—Reliance 136
Strengths and Limitations of'Behavioral LearningTheories 137
Chapter 5 Summary 137
THE INTENTIONAL TEACHER Using What You Know about Behavioral and Social Learning Theory to Improve Teaching and Learning 138
Key Terms 140
Self—Assessment： Practicing for Licensure 140
My Education Lab 141
……
CHAPTER 6 Information Processing and Cognitive Theories of Learning 142
CHAPTER 7 The Effective Lesson 182
CHAPTER 8 Student—Centered and Constructivist Approaches to Instruction 216
CHAPTER 9 Grouping，Differentiation，and Technology 248
CHAPTER 10 Motivating Students to Learn 284
CHAPTER 11 Effective Learning Environments 314
CHAPTER 12 Learners with Exceptionalities 352
CHAPTER 13 Assessing Student Learning 396
CHAPTER 14 Standardized Tests and Accountability 446
Appendix Using This Text to Prepare for the Praxis TM Principles of Learning and Teaching Exam 482
References 497
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