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Chinese writing is character based, the one major world script that is neither alphabetic nor syllabic. Through the years, the Chinese written language encountered presumed alphabetic universalism in the form of Morse Code, Braille, stenography, Linotype, punch cards, word processing, and other systems developed with the Latin alphabet in mind. This book is about those encounters -- in particular thousands of Chinese characters versus the typewriter and its QWERTY keyboard. Thomas Mullaney describes a fascinating series of experiments, prototypes, failures, and successes in the century-long quest for a workable Chinese typewriter.

The earliest Chinese typewriters, Mullaney tells us, were figments of popular imagination, sensational accounts of twelve-foot keyboards with 5,000 keys. One of the first Chinese typewriters actually constructed was invented by a Christian missionary, who organized characters by common usage (but promoted the less-common characters for "Jesus" to the common usage level). Later came typewriters manufactured for use in Chinese offices, and typewriting schools that turned out trained "typewriter girls" and "typewriter boys." Still later was the "Double Pigeon" typewriter produced by the Shanghai Calculator and Typewriter Factory, the typewriter of choice under Mao. Clerks and secretaries in this era experimented with alternative ways of organizing characters on their tray beds, inventing an arrangement method that was the first instance of "predictive text."

Today, after more than a century of resistance against the alphabetic, not only have Chinese characters prevailed, they form the linguistic substrate of the vibrant world of Chinese information technology. The Chinese Typewriter, not just an "object history" but grappling with broad questions of technological change and global communication, shows how this happened.

Thomas S. Mullaney is Associate Professor of History at Stanford University and the author of Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China.

THERE IS NO ALPHABET HERE 1
1 INCOMPATIBLE WITH MODERNITY 35
2 PUZZLING CHINESE 75
3 RADICAL MACHINES 123
4 WHAT DO YOU CALL A TYPEWRITER WITH NO KEYS? 161
5 CONTROLLING THE KANJISPHERE 195
6 QWERTY IS DEAD LONG LIVE QWERTY 237
7 THE TYPING REBELLION 283
TOWARD A HISTORY OF CHINESE COMPUTING AND THE AGE OF INPUT 315
TABLE OF ARCHIVES 323
BIOGRAPHIES OF KEY HISTORICAL PERSONS ALPHABETIC BY SURNAME 325
CHARACTER GLOSSARY 329
NOTES 337
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SOURCES 401
INDEX 457
STUDIES OF THE WEATHERHEAD EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 483
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