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The Triumph of Empire takes readers into the political heart of imperial Rome and recounts the extraordinary challenges overcome by a flourishing empire. Michael Kulikowski’s history begins with the reign of Hadrian, who visited the farthest reaches of his domain and created stable frontiers, and spans to the decades after Constantine the Great, who overhauled the government, introduced a new state religion, and founded a second Rome.

Factionalism and intrigue sapped the empire from within, even at its apex. Roman politics could resemble a blood sport: rivals resorted to assassination; emperors rose and fell with bewildering speed, their reigns measured in weeks, not years; and imperial succession was never entirely assured. Canny emperors—including Marcus Aurelius, Septimius Severus, and Diocletian—constantly cultivated the aristocracy’s favor to maintain a grip on power. Despite such volatility, the Roman Empire protected its borders, defeating successive attacks from Goths and Germans, Persians and Parthians. Yet external threats persisted and the imperial government sagged under its own administrative weight. Religion, too, was in flux with the rise of Christianity and other forms of monotheism. In the fourth century CE, Constantine and his heirs reformed imperial institutions by separating civilian and military hierarchies, restructuring the government of both provinces and cities, and ensuring the prominence of Christianity.

The Triumph of Empire is a fresh, authoritative narrative of Rome at its height and of its evolution—from being the central power of the Mediterranean world to becoming one of several great Eurasian civilizations.

Michael Kulikowski is Professor of History and Classics and Head of the Department of History at Pennsylvania State University.

Acknowledgements
List of Illustrations and Maps*
Introduction
1. The Early Years of Hadrian
2. The Late Reign and the Succession
3. Peace and War at Mid-Century
4. The Last of the Antonines
5. Septimius Severus and His Rivals
6. The Reign of Severus
7. The Later Severans
8. Eurasian History and the Roman Empire
9. From Gordian III to Valerian
10. Valerian and the Generals
11. The Last of the Soldier Emperors
12. Diocletian, Constantine and the Creation of the Later Roman Empire
13. The Failure of the Tetrarchy
14. Constantine and Licinius
15. The Structure of Empire Before and After Constantine
16. The Constantinian Empire
17. The Children of Constantine
18. Constantius, Julian and the Empire to Come
The Roman Emperors from Augustus to Julian
Persian Kings from Ardashir to Shapur II
Further Reading
Bibliography
Index
* Illustrations and Maps
Illustrations
1. Hadrian’s Wall
2. Ribchester Helmet
3. Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus
4. A Sarmatian Horseman
5. Library of Celsus
6. Theatre of Leptis Magna
7. Roman Military Diploma
8. Herodes Atticus
9. Mithras
10. A Parthian Noble
11. Fulvius Plautianus
12. Septimius Severus
13. The Severan Tondo
14. The Licinius Cameo
15. Maximinus
16. Pupienus coin
17. Balbinus coin
18. A Roman Tunic
19. Lamp in the shape of a Nubian
20. Kushan Fresco
21. Kushan (Gandharan) Buddha
22. Palace of Ardashir at Firuzabad
23. Victory of Shapur, Naqsh-e Rustam
24. The Aurelian Wall of Rome
25. Deeds of the Priest Kardir, Naqsh-e Rajab
26. Maximian
27. Edict on Maximum Prices
28. Fausta
29. The Tetrarchs
30. Shapur II Hunting Boar
31. Sasanian Royal Bust
32. Constantius II
33. Julian
34. Porphyry Sarcophagus of Helena
35. The Judgement of Paris (detail) from the Atrium House, Antioch
Maps
Map 1. The Eurasian World
Map 2. The Roman Empire under Hadrian
Map 3. The Roman Empire under the Antonines
Map 4. The Severan Empire
Map 5. The New Empire of Diocletian
Map 6. The Parthian Empire
Map 7. The Sasanian Empire
Map 8. Asia Minor
Map 9. North Africa
Map 10. Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine
Map 11. Egypt and Cyrene
Map 12. The Danubian Provinces
Map 13. Italy
Map 14. Gaul and Spain
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