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Klaus von Beyme, Professor of Political Science ,University of Heidelberg

Introduction: System's Change in Comparative Perspective 1
1 Theoretical Approaches to System's Changes in
Eastern Europe 6
The search for theories which pretend to have anticipated
the end of communism 6
Approaches to a new theory of system's change 16
2 The Last Ideology of the Old Intelligentsia: Civil Society 31
Renaissance of a notion 33
Civil society as a counter-ideology against the eroding
state power of communism 35
Antipolitics and alienation from economic thinking
among East European intellectuals 38
3 A New Movement in an Ideological Vacuum:
Nationalism in Eastern Europe 42
The continuity of nationalism in Eastern Europe 42
Theoretical approaches to nationalism and their
feasibility in Eastern Europe 43
Indicators of nationalism 51
Approaches to fair solutions in ethnic politics 55
4 System's Change without a Change of Elites?
Cooperation of Old and New Elites in Post-Communist
Systems 63
Continuity and change of elites 64
Negative cadre policy in the new regimes: elite purges 71
5 Transformation of the Planning System to a Market
Economy 76
Synchronizing economic and political transformations 76
Economic theories of transition 77
The new order of property relations 81
Transformation strategies: big bang or gradualism? 89
6 Institution-Building and Democratization 96
The institutional system and its networks 96
The constitutional system 99
Blocked institution-building: Soviet Union and Russia 101
Presidential and parliamentary systems 111
Principles of post-communist constitutionalism 113
Constitutional courts and judicial review 119
7 Parties and Party Systems in Eastern Europe 122
Options of party-building 122
Social cleavages and party structures 127
The 'families spirituelles' of the parties 132
Political fragmentation and the consolidation of party
systems 139
8 Changing Political Culture in Eastern Europe 147
Research on political culture in Communist countries 147
Opinions on transition 149
Institutions and actors in the light of survey studies 153
Perceptions of the international situation 158
A new political culture in Eastern Europe? 160
9 Resume: System's Change with Uncertain Results 164
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