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Ebb and Flow records an important chapter in the Korean War, the period from late November 1950 to early July 1951 when battle lines did indeed ebb and flow in pronounced surges. Billy C. Mossman begins with the last weeks of the pell-mell rush of United Nations forces to the Chinese border and goes on to chronicle in great detail the test of American military leadership and resources posed by the taxing retreat of the Eighth Army and X Corps across the frozen wastes of North Korea. He highlights the limitations imposed by terrain and weather on the fighting capabilities of an American army facing surprise attack from a large disciplined enemy. In addition, the operations he describes in such careful detail vivify the principles of war for those with an interest in studying the profession of arms.

A graduate of Wayne State (Nebraska) College, Billy C. Mossman is the author of studies and monographs on U.S. Army operations in the Korean War and of two chapters, "Peace Becomes Cold War, 1945-50," and "The Korean War, 1950-53," in American Military History, a volume in the Army Historical Series. He contributed to Origins, History, and Accomplishments of the U.S. Army Reserve, published by the Historical Evaluation and Research Organization, and to Challenge and Response in Internal Conflict, published by the Center for Research in Social Systems, American University. He is also coauthor of The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969.During World War II, Mr. Mossman served as a platoon leader with the 381st Infantry, 96th Infantry Division, and participated in the Leyte and Okinawa campaigns in the Pacific theater. In the Korean War, he was a military historian with the Eighth Army; Army Forces, Far East; and United Nations Command Military Armistice Commission. Mr. Mossman joined the Office of the Chief of Military History as an Army officer in 1954 and became a civilian staff member in 1957. As a civilian staff member, he served successively as historian, deputy branch chief, branch chief, and acting division chief. He retired in 1983 but remains active in the field of military history.

Contents
Chapter
Page
I. THE MISSION
3
The Battleground
3
The Initial Mission
7
The Mission Expanded
17
The Mission Reconsidered
21
II. THE FORCES AND THE PLANS
23
The United Nations Command
23
The UNC Plan of Advance
42
The Outlook for Victory
49
III. THE ENEMY
51
The North Korean Armed Forces
51
The Chinese People's Volunteers
52
IV. THE BATTLE OF THE CH'ONGCH'ON
61
The Advance to Contact
61
The Chinese Attack
65
The Second Phase Offensive
72
The Threat of Envelopment
76
V. THE BATTLE OF THE CHANGJIN RESERVOIR
84
X Corps Dispositions, 26 November
84
The Advance Toward Mup'yong-ni
88
The IX Army Group Attacks
90
The Attacks Widen
98
The Tokyo Conference
103
VI. DISENGAGEMENT IN THE WEST
105
The Threat of Envelopment
105
The Second Disengagement
109
Trouble on the Lines of Communication
114
The Sukch'on-Sunch'on-Songch'on Line
116
The Roadblock Below Kunu-ri
119
xi
VII. CONCENTRATION AT HUNGNAM
128
New X Corps Orders
128
Shaping the Hamhung-Hungnam Defense
130
Concentration at Hagaru-ri
131
Withdrawal From the Reservoir
137
VIII. REDEPLOYMENT SOUTH
149
The Eighth Army Leaves North Korea
149
The X Corps Evacuates Hungnam
165
IX. THE CHINESE THIRD PHASE OFFENSIVE: THE OPENING
177
Ridgway Takes Command
177
Defensive Preparations
184
The Opening Enemy Assaults
188
X. WITHDRAWAL FROM SEOUL
192
To the Seoul Bridgehead
192
The Outlook, 2 January
195
The Evacuation of Seoul
198
XI. WITHDRAWAL TO LINE D
209
Withdrawal From the Han
210
Wonju and Hill 247
216
East of Route 29
223
XII. RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE
228
The Problem of Motivation
228
Allies From North Korea
229
The Evacuation Issue Resolved
230
Operation Wolfhound
237
Task Force Johnson
239
Operation Thunderbolt
240
XIII. ADVANCE TO THE HAN
248
Roundup Preparations
248
Thunderbolt Continued
252
Operation Roundup
258
The Newest Army Estimate
263
XIV. THE BATTLE FOR HOENGSONG
266
The ROK 8th Division Destroyed
266
xii
Support Force 21
269
From the Road Junction to Hoengsong
272
The Costs
279
XV. DEFENDING THE WONJU LINE
282
The X Corps Position, 13 February
282
The West Shoulder, 13-14 February
285
The East Shoulder, 14-18 February
291
Chip'yong-ni and Task Force Crombez
295
A Turning Point
300
XVI. THE KILLER OPERATION
301
The Concept
301
Intelligence Problems
302
The Plans
305
The Advance
307
The Ripper Concept
310
XVII. OPERATION RIPPER
315
The Plan
315
The Advance to Line Albany
321
The Enemy Buildup
322
Hongch'on Cleared
327
Seoul Retaken
328
Ch'unch'on Captured
330
On the Eastern Front
333
The Courageous Concept
334
XVIII. ADVANCE TO THE PARALLEL
335
Operation Courageous
335
Ripper Concluded
343
The Parallel Question
344
The Rugged and Dauntless Concept
347
XIX. OPERATION RUGGED
351
The Enemy Situation
351
The Advance to Line Kansas
353
Change of Command
362
XX. TOWARD THE IRON TRIANGLE
368
The Enemy's Conspicuous Absence, 11-20 April
369
One Day's Notice
375
xiii
XXI. THE CHINESE SPRING OFFENSIVE: THE OPENING
378
The Enemy Plan
378
Panic at the IX Corps Left
381
Below Ch'orwon and Kumhwa
384
Along the Imjin
385
Adjusting the Line
389
XXII. THE CHINESE SPRING OFFENSIVE: ON THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN FRONTS
398
Attack on the Pendleton Line
398
Inje Falls
399
Repeat Performance
401
Censure
407
XXIII. THE CHINESE SPRING OFFENSIVE: ON THE WESTERN FRONT
410
Defending the Kansas Line
410
Withdrawal to Line Delta
419
XXIV. THE CHINESE SPRING OFFENSIVE: BATTLE FOR SEOUL
430
XXV. BATTLE BELOW THE SOYANG
438
The Search for the Enemy
439
The Offensive Resumed
444
The Battle Shifts East
460
XXVI. THE COUNTEROFFENSIVE
465
Stabilizing the Line
466
Counterattack
470
XXVII. SUBSTITUTE FOR VICTORY
488
Ridgway's Mission Redefined
488
Operation Piledriver
491
Armistice Negotiations: The Search for a Beginning
494
The Question of Future Operations
497
Negotiations Begin
499
The New Dimensions of Battle
502
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
507
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
511
BASIC MILITARY MAP SYMBOLS
513
Tables
1. Major North Korean People's Army Units, 23 November 1950
52
2. Major Chinese Units in Korea, 23 November 1950
54
3. X Corps Battle Casualties, 27 November-10 December 1950
147
4. Losses by Major Unit, 11-13 February 1951
279
Charts
1. Theater Lines of Command for Operations in Korea, 23 November 1950
26
2. Organization of UNC Ground Forces in Korea, 23 November 1950
29
3. Organization for UNC Air Operations in Korea, 23 November 1950
40
4. Organization for UNC Naval Operations in Korea, 23 November 1950
42
5. Enemy Lines of Command, 23 November 1950
57
Maps
1. East Central Asia
4
2. Korea
6
3. The Battlefront, 23 November 1950
46
4. Battle of the Ch'ongch'on, 25-28 November 1950
66
5. The X Corps Zone, 26 November 1950
85
6. 5th and 7th Marines at Yudam-ni, 27 November 1950
91
7. The 31st RCT East of the Reservoir, 27 November 1950
93
8. Battle of the Changjin Reservoir, 27-29 November 1950
95
9. Battle of the Ch'ongch'on, 28 November-1 December 1950
106
10. The 2d Infantry Division at Kunu-ri, 29-30 November 1950
110
11. Concentration at Hagaru-ri, 1-4 December 1950
133
12. Withdrawal From the Reservoir, 6-11 December 1950
144
13. Eighth Army Withdrawal, 1-23 December 1950
152
14. X Corps Evacuation Plan
168
xv
15. Enemy Third Phase Offensive, the Opening Effort, 26 December 1950-1 January 1951
181
16. Withdrawal to Line D, I and X Corps, 4-7 January 1951
215
17. NK II Corps and V Corps Attacks, 7-22 January 1951
218
18. Operation THUNDERBOLT, 25-31 January 1951
241
19. Operation ROUNDUP, the X Corps Plan, 4 February 1951
250
20. Operation THUNDERBOLT, 1-11 February 1951
253
21. Operation ROUNDUP, 5-11 February 1951
260
22. Battle for Hoengsong, 11-13 February 1951
267
23. Chip'yong-ni, 13-14 February 1951
286
24. Defending the Wonju Line, 13-18 February 1951
289
25. Operation KILLER, 20 February-6 March 1951
303
26. Operation RIPPER, Western Front, 6-31 March 1951
316
27. Operation RIPPER, Eastern Front, 6-31 March 1951
318
28. Operation COURAGEOUS, 22-28 March 1951
336
29. The RUGGED and DAUNTLESS Operations, Western Front, 1-22 April 1951
354
30. The RUGGED and DAUNTLESS Operations, Eastern Front, 1-22 April 1951
357
31. Hwach'on Dam, 9-11 April 1951
363
32. The Chinese Spring Offensive, the Main Effort, 22-30 April 1951
380
33. The Eastern Front, 22-24 April 1951
390
34. The British 29th Brigade Sector, 25 April 1951
423
35. Battle Below the Soyang, 16-20 May 1951
446
36. 38th Infantry and Task Force Zebra Positions, 16 May 1951
449
37. Eighth Army Advance, 20 May-1 July 1951
471
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