Varieties of Liberalism in Central America pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2026

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出版者:

作者:Colburn, Forrest D./ S., Arturo Cruz

出品人:

页数:115

译者:

出版时间:

价格:393.00元

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isbn号码:9780292717206

丛书系列:

图书标签:

• Central America
• Liberalism
• Political History
• 20th Century
• Democracy
• Political Thought
• Social Change
• History
• Politics
• Ideology

Central American Transitions: Democracy, Development, and the Shadow of Authoritarianism (1980–2010) A Comprehensive Analysis of Political, Economic, and Social Transformations in Post-Conflict Central America This volume offers an in-depth, multidisciplinary examination of the turbulent three decades spanning 1980 to 2010 in Central America—a period defined by devastating civil conflicts, the often-uneven transition toward democratic governance, profound economic liberalization, and persistent challenges related to security and inequality. Moving beyond singular national narratives, this book situates the experiences of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica within a comparative framework, exploring the common structural constraints and divergent policy choices that shaped their contemporary trajectories. The central thesis posits that while the region successfully exited the major Cold War-era armed conflicts, the "peace dividend" was frequently undermined by the enduring power of established socio-economic elites, weak institutional capacity, and the strategic adaptation, rather than outright elimination, of authoritarian practices within nascent democratic structures. The resulting political landscape is characterized by what scholars term "illiberal democracy" or "competitive authoritarianism," where formal democratic institutions exist but are persistently hollowed out by corruption, clientelism, and the strategic manipulation of electoral processes. Part I: The Crucible of Conflict and the Peace Accords The initial sections meticulously reconstruct the dynamics of the civil wars, focusing not merely on the military engagements but on the underlying political economies that fueled sustained internal violence. The analysis delves into the role of agrarian inequality, the influence of Cold War geopolitics—particularly the involvement of the United States and Cuba—and the internal ideological ruptures within revolutionary movements and military establishments. A significant portion of this section is dedicated to dissecting the various peace processes, notably the Chapultepec Peace Accords in El Salvador and the frameworks established in Guatemala. The comparative study highlights the differential success in demobilization, truth-telling, and institutional reform. For instance, the volume contrasts the relative swiftness of demobilization in El Salvador with the more protracted and incomplete implementation of transitional justice mechanisms in Guatemala, attributing these divergences to the varying levels of external mediation, the composition of the negotiating parties, and the political will within the successor civilian governments. Crucially, the book examines the persistence of impunity concerning wartime abuses, arguing that the failure to prosecute high-level perpetrators fundamentally compromised the legitimacy and moral authority of the subsequent democratic regimes. Part II: The Neoliberal Turn and Economic Restructuring The transition era coincided almost perfectly with the ascendancy of neoliberal economic orthodoxy across Latin America. This section provides a detailed assessment of how Central American nations navigated structural adjustment programs (SAPs) mandated by international financial institutions. The analysis tracks the liberalization of trade (culminating in agreements like CAFTA-DR), the privatization of state enterprises, and the deregulation of labor markets. The book demonstrates that while these policies successfully integrated the region more deeply into global supply chains—particularly through the expansion of the maquiladora (assembly plant) sector—they simultaneously exacerbated internal economic stratification. Wage stagnation in key industrial sectors, the erosion of social safety nets previously offered by the state (even under authoritarian rule), and the marginalization of traditional agricultural producers are examined in detail. A specific chapter focuses on the concept of "enclave economies," where foreign direct investment generates growth that remains structurally disconnected from broader national development goals, contributing to persistent informal employment and high levels of economic precarity among the majority population. Part III: Institutional Fragility and Democratic Consolidation Challenges This core analytical section turns to the political sphere, offering a rigorous evaluation of democratic consolidation across the five nations. The term "consolidation" is operationalized not just by the regularity of elections, but by the depth of institutional embeddedness, horizontal accountability, and the rule of law. The study systematically explores several key pathologies: 1. Judicial Weakness and Corruption: An exhaustive chapter analyzes the politicization of the judiciary, illustrating how political elites captured the appointment processes, rendering courts ineffective as independent arbiters against executive overreach or elite criminality. The high rates of case dismissal, witness intimidation, and the proliferation of amparo proceedings used for political maneuvering are documented empirically. 2. Militarization of Public Security: Despite demobilization treaties, the volume tracks the continued influence of former military structures within police forces and transnational security networks. The rise of new, non-state security threats—namely transnational organized crime, drug trafficking, and powerful street gangs (maras)—is shown to have provided former security actors and new civilian leaders with justifications to expand surveillance powers and bypass constitutional checks, blurring the lines between state security and illicit activities. 3. The Persistence of Clientelism and Populism: The book argues that in the absence of strong, institutionalized political parties delivering programmatic benefits, electoral competition often reverted to highly personalized, patronage-based mobilization. This reliance on clientelism weakened civil society organizations designed to hold power accountable, fostering cycles of popular disillusionment and the subsequent appeal of charismatic, anti-system leaders who often promised swift, authoritarian solutions to complex governance problems. Part IV: Transnational Flows and Regional Interdependence The final section broadens the geographical scope to examine transnational forces acting upon Central America. This includes a detailed look at migration patterns—both as a source of remittances vital to household economies and as a driver of political instability (e.g., asylum seekers, unaccompanied minors). Furthermore, the volume analyzes the evolving relationship with the United States, particularly post-9/11 security cooperation which often prioritized counter-narcotics and migration control over democratic governance benchmarks. A nuanced chapter addresses the emergence of regional integration efforts (like SICA), assessing their effectiveness in harmonizing regulatory frameworks versus their failure to establish a meaningful supranational political authority capable of imposing discipline on member states regarding human rights or anti-corruption measures. Conclusion: Central American Transitions concludes that by 2010, the region had achieved a fragile, procedural democracy—elections were held, civil society operated, and majoritarian violence had largely ceased. However, the deep structural issues that catalyzed the initial conflicts—extreme inequality, institutional weakness, and the pervasive influence of illicit actors—had not been resolved. Instead, they had mutated, manifesting now within the formal structures of the state, presenting formidable barriers to achieving substantive liberal governance and sustained, inclusive economic development. This book serves as an essential reference for understanding the complex legacy of the post-conflict era and the ongoing struggle for genuine democratic consolidation in this vital geopolitical space.

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