Foreword xi
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 OSI Security Architecture 1
1.1.1 Security Services 4
1.1.2 Security Mechanisms 8
1.2 Security Definition 11
1.3 Final Remarks 14
References 15
Chapter 2 Cryptography Primer 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 Preliminary Remarks 17
2.1.2 Cryptographic Systems 19
2.1.3 Classes of Cryptographic Systems 21
2.1.4 Secure Cryptosystems 22
2.1.5 Historical Background Information 24
2.1.6 Legal Situation 26
2.2 Cryptosystems Overview 28
2.2.1 Unkeyed Cryptosystems 28
2.2.2 Secret Key Cryptosystems 35
2.2.3 Public Key Cryptosystems 45
2.3 Final Remarks 59
References 60
Chapter 3 Transport Layer Security 65
3.1 Introduction 65
vii
viii
SSL and TLS: Theory and Practice
3.2
3.3
Protocol Evolution
Final Remarks
References
68
73
73
Chapter 4 SSL Protocol 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Protocols 87
4.2.1 SSL Record Protocol 87
4.2.2 SSL Handshake Protocol 94
4.2.3 SSL Change Cipher Spec Protocol 117
4.2.4 SSL Alert Protocol 118
4.2.5 SSL Application Data Protocol 120
4.3 Traffic Analysis of an SSL Session 121
4.4 Security Analysis 125
4.5 Final Remarks 129
References 130
Chapter 5 TLS Protocol 133
5.1 Introduction 133
5.1.1 TLS PRF 136
5.1.2 Generation of Keying Material 139
5.2 TLS 1.0 141
5.2.1 Cipher Suites 141
5.2.2 Certificate Management 144
5.2.3 Alert Messages 145
5.2.4 Other Differences 146
5.3 TLS 1.1 147
5.3.1 Preliminary Remarks 147
5.3.2 Cipher Suites 149
5.3.3 Certificate Management 150
5.3.4 Alert Messages 151
5.3.5 Other Differences 151
5.4 TLS 1.2 152
5.4.1 TLS Extensions 153
5.4.2 Cipher Suites 168
5.4.3 Certificate Management 173
5.4.4 Alert Messages 173
5.4.5 Other Differences 174
5.5 Traffic Analysis of a TLS Session 174
5.6 Security Analysis 178
Contents
5.7
Final Remarks
References
ix
178
179
Chapter 6 DTLS Protocol 183
6.1 Introduction 183
6.2 DTLS 1.0 186
6.2.1 Record Protocol 187
6.2.2 Handshake Protocol 190
6.3 DTLS 1.2 194
6.4 Security Analysis 195
6.5 Final Remarks 195
References 196
Chapter 7 Firewall Traversal 199
7.1 Introduction 199
7.2 SSL/TLS Tunneling 202
7.3 SSL/TLS Proxying 205
7.4 Final Remarks 206
References 207
Chapter 8 Public Key Certificates and PKIs 209
8.1 Introduction 209
8.1.1 PGP Certificates 213
8.1.2 X.509 Certificates 215
8.2 Server Certificates 218
8.2.1 Wildcard Certificates 220
8.2.2 International Step-Up and SGC Certificates 220
8.2.3 Extended Validation Certificates 221
8.3 Client Certificates 222
8.4 Final Remarks 223
References 224
Chapter 9 Conclusions and Outlook 227
9.1 Deployment 227
9.2 Research Challenges 230
9.2.1 Performance Optimization 230
9.2.2 Protection Against MITM Attacks 232
9.2.3 Trust Management 235
9.3 Future Developments 235
References 236
SSL and TLS: Theory and Practice
Appendix Standardized TLS Cipher Suites 239
Abbreviations and Acronyms 243
About the Author 249
Index 251
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