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This pioneering study reconceptualizes the impact of social organizations, economic conditions, and human agency on human reproduction in preindustrial communities in Europe and Asia. Unlike previous studies, in which Asia is measured by European standards, Prudence and Pressure develops a Eurasian perspective. Drawing on rich new data and the tools of event-history analysis, the authors challenge the accepted Eurocentric Malthusian view that attributes "prudence" (smaller families due to late marriage) to the preindustrial West and "pressure" (high mortality due to overpopulation) to the East, showing instead important similarities between Europe and Asia in human motivation and population behavior.

The authors analyze age, gender, family and household, kinship, social class and power, religion, culture, and economic resources in order to compare reproductive strategies and outcomes. They reveal underlying similarities between East and West in two major components of the reproductive regime—marriage and childbearing—and offer evidence showing that preindustrial reproduction was motivated and governed by human agency at least as much as by human biology.

Prudence and Pressure is part of a large-scale interdisciplinary effort to use new data and methods to re-examine the Malthusian paradigm of population growth. It represents a significant advance in the fields of historical demography, history, and sociology.

Noriko O. Tsuya is Professor of Economics at Keio University, Tokyo.

Wang Feng is Professor and Chair of Sociology at the University of California, Irvine.

George Alter is Professor of History at the University of Michigan.

James Z. Lee is Chair Professor of Social Science and Dean of the School of Humanities and Social Sciences at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

Part 1 Contexts and Models
1 Simplicity and Complexity--James Z.Lee, Tommy Bengtsson and Cameron Campbell
2 Previous Paradigms and New Models--James Z.Lee, Wang Feng and Noriko O.Tsuya
3 Reproduction: Models and Sources--Noriko O.Tsuya, Cameron Campbell and Wang Feng
Part 2 Comparative Geographies
4 Household Organization, Co-resident Kin, and Reproduction-- Wang Feng, James Z.Lee, Noriko O.Tsuya and Stomi Kurosu
5 Economic Stress and Reproductive Responses--Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe
6 Child Control as a Reproductive Strategy--Renzo Derosas and Noriko O.Tsuya
Part 3 Local Histories
7 Agecy, Social Class, and Fertility in Southern Sweden, 1766 to 1865-- Tommy Bengtsson and Martin Dribe
8 Economic Change and Differential Fertility in Rural Eastern Belgium, 1812 to 1875--George Alter, Muriel Neven and Michel Oris
9 Patterns of Reproductive Behavior in Preindustrial Italy: Casalguide,1819 to 1859 and Venice, 1850 to 1869--Marco Breschi, Renzo Derosas,Matteo Manfredini, and Rosella Rettaroli
10 Family, Household, and Reproduction in Northeastern Japan, 1716 to 1870--Noriko O. Tsuya and Satomi Kurosu
11 Agency, Hierarchies, and Reproduction in Northeast China, 1789 to 1840--Wang Feng, Cameron Campbell and James Z. Lee
Part 4 Conclusion
12 Differences and Similarities: Toward a Comparative Historical Social Science--James Z.Lee, Wang Feng, and Noriko O.Tsuya
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