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Do chimpanzees have something akin to culture? Bringing together studies of behavioral variation within and among chimpanzees and bonobos --the sibling species of the genus Pan--this book provides the basis for answering this question. In Chimpanzee Cultures, the world’s leading authorities on chimpanzees and bonobos chronicle the animals’ behaviors from one study site to the next, in both captive and wild groups, in laboratory and field settings.

Richard W. Wrangham is Ruth Moore Professor of Anthropology at Harvard University.

William McGrew is Professor of Anthropology and Zoology at Miami University (Ohio).

Frans B. M. de Waal is C. H. Candler Professor of Primate Behavior in the Psychology Department and Director of Living Links, part of the Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University.

Paul G. Heltne is President, Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Preface
Paul G. Helsne
Foreword
Jane Goodall
Study Sites in Africa
The Challenge of Behavioral Diversity
Richard W. Wrangham, Frans B.M. de Waal, and W. C. McGrew
Section I: Ecology
Overview--Ecology, Diversity, and Culture
Richard W. Wrangham
Tools Compared: The Material of Culture
W. C. McGrew
Party Size in Chimpanzees and Bonobos: A Reevaluation of Theory Based on Two Similarly Forested Sites
Colin A. Chapman, Frances J. White, and Richard W. Wrangham
The Significance of Terrestrial Herbaceous Foods for Bonobos, Chimpanzees, and Gorillas
Richard K. Malenky, Suchisa Kuroda, Evelyn Ono Vineberg, and Richard W. Wrangham
Hunting Strategies of Gombe and Taï Chimpanzees
Christophe Boesch
Comparative Locomotor Behavior of Chimpanzees and Bonobos: Species and Habitat Differences
Diane M. Doran and Kevin D. Hunt
Comparative Analyses of Nest-Building Behavior in Bonobos and Chimpanzees
Barbara Fruth and Gossfried Hohman
Diversity of Medicinal Plant Use by Chimpanzees in the Wild
Michael A. Huffman and Richard W. Wrangham
Section II: Social Relations
Overview--Diversity in Social Relations
W. C. McGrew
Social Role and Development of Noncopulatory Sexual Behavior of Wild Bonobos
Chie Hashimoto and Takeshi Furuichi
Grooming Relationships in Two Species of Chimpanzees
Yasuyuki Muroyama and Yukimaru Sugiyama
Reproductive Sucess Story: Variability Among Chimpanzees and Comparisons with Gorillas
Caroline E.G. Tusin
Ethological Studies of Chimpanzee Vocal Behavior
John C. Mitani
Pacifying Interventions at Arnhem Zoo and Gombe
Christopher Boehm
Social Relationships of Female Chimpanzees: Diversity Between Captive Social Groups
Kate C. Baker and Barbara B. Smuts
Chimpanzee’s Adaptive Potential: A Comparison of Social Life Under Captive and Wild Conditions
Frans B.M. de Waal
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