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Why did defeat in the Opium War not lead Ch'ing China to a more realistic appreciation of Western might and Chinese weakness? James Polachek's revisionist analysis exposes the behind-the-scenes political struggles that not only shaped foreign-policy decisions in the 1830s and 1840s but have continued to affect the history of Chinese nationalism in modern times.

Polachek looks closely at the networks of literati and officials, self-consciously reminiscent of the late Ming era that sought and gained the ear of the emperor. Challenging the conventional view that Lin Tse-hsu and his supporters were selfless patriots who acted in China's best interests, Polachek agrues that, for reasons having more to do with their own domestic political agenda, these men advocated a futile policy of militant resistance to the West. Linking political intrigue, scholarly debates, and foreign affairs, local notables in Canton and literati lobbyists in Perking this book sets the Opium War for the first times in its "inner," domestic political context.

James M. Polachek is an international markets analyst working for Baring Securities, Inc., in New York City

Introduction
Opium War Policies: Some Interpretations
The Literati: An Anticipatory Overview
Part 1: The Literati Re-Ascendant
Who Were the Literati?
Ideals of Career Patronage
Constraints on Clique Politics
The Hsuan-an Poetry Club as a Literati Faction
As a Bureaucratic Patronage Clique
As a Brotherhood of Aesthete-Connoisseurs
Political Failure
Aftermath: Lin Tse-hsu's Northern Reclamation Plan
Part 2: The Rise of the Spring Purification Circle
As a Personal Network
As a Political Faction
Ritual and Symbol
Literary and Scholastic Philosophy
The Ideal of "Moral Censure" (ching-i) Politics
Part 3: The Politics of Opium Suppression
The Case Against Embargo
The Legalization Initiative of 1836
The Failure of the Initiative
Intransigents Take the Helm
Part 4: The Myth of Victory in Kwangtung
Lin Tse-hsu and the Anti-Opium Campaign
Lin Tse-hsu versus Ch'i-shan
The Siege of Canton
San-yuan-li
Paramilitary Realities
Part 5: The Debate Over the Conduct of the War
Ch'i-shan and the Tientsin Negotiations
The Case of Yao Ying on Taiwan
Wei Yuan and the Strategy of Defensive War
Yao Ying and Britain's Vulnerability in South Asia
Part 6: The Ku Yen-Wu Shrine Association
The Mu-chang-a Government and Literati Political Influence
Political Organization of the Association
Ritual and Scholastic Philosophy
In Search of a Political Program
Part 7: The End of Manchu Diplomacy
The Second Victory of the Cantonese
Showdown
The Bonham Letter
The Crisis in Kwangsi
The Recall of Lin Tse-hsu
Part 8: Epilogue
Notes
Bibliography
Glossary/Index
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