This handbook presents an overview of the phenomenon of reference - the ability to refer to and pick out entities - which is an essential part of human language and cognition. In the volume's 21 chapters, international experts in the field offer a critical account of all aspects of reference from a range of theoretical perspectives.

Chapters in the first part of the book are concerned with basic questions related to different types of referring expression and their interpretation. They address questions about the role of the speaker - including speaker intentions - and of the addressee, as well as the role played by the semantics of the linguistic forms themselves in establishing reference. This part also explores the nature of such concepts as definite and indefinite reference and specificity, and the conditions under which reference may fail. The second part of the volume looks at implications and applications, with chapters covering such topics as the acquisition of reference by children, the processing of reference both in the human brain and by machines.

The volume will be of interest to linguists in a wide range of subfields, including semantics, pragmatics, computational linguistics, and psycho- and neurolinguistics, as well as scholars in related fields such as philosophy and computer science.

Jeanette Gundel is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, where she has been teaching since 1980. She is also Associate Director of the Center for Cognitive Science and an affiliate member of the Department of Philosophy. Her research focuses primarily on the interface between linguistic theory and pragmatics, especially reference and information structure.

Barbara Abbott is an Emeritus Professor of Linguistics and Philosophy at Michigan State University, where she taught from 1976 to 2006. Her main research interests are in semantics, pragmatics, and philosophy of language. She has published multiple journal articles on topics ranging from reference and noun phrase interpretation to conditional sentences, and is the author of Reference (OUP 2010).

Contributors:

Barbara Abbott, Michigan State University

Christopher Barkley, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Anne Bezuidenhout, University of South Carolina

Kaja Borthen, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Berit Brogaard, University of University of Miami and University of Oslo

Leonard Clapp, Northern Illinois University

Ryan B. Doran, University of Regina

Emily Fedele, Institute for Defense Analyses

Jeanette Gundel, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities

Peter Hanks, University of Minnesota

Nancy Hedberg, Simon Fraser University

Elsi Kaiser, University of Southern California

Ezra Keshet, University of Michigan

Robert Kluender, University of California, San Diego

Emiel Krahmer, Tilburg University

Alfons Maes, Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences

Michael O'Rourke, Michigan State University

Marga Reimer, University of Arizona

Craige Roberts, Ohio State University

Anne Salazar Orvig, Universite Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3

Matthias Scheutz, Tufts University

Florian Schwarz, University of Pennsylvania

Anne Spire, formerly University of Arizona

Kees van Deemter, University of Aberdeen

Jorrig Vogels, University of Groningen

Klaus von Heusinger, University of Cologne

Gregory Ward, Northwestern University

Tom Williams, Colorado School of Mines

Ron Zacharski, University of Mary Washington