In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Spain was a key player in the military conflagrations that created modern Europe. From the Napoleonic Wars, through the dress rehearsal for World War II that was the Spanish Civil War, to the grim struggle against terrorism today, the military history of modern Spain has both shaped and reflected larger forces beyond its borders. This volume traces the course of Spanish military history, primarily during the 20th century. Chapter 1 looks at the foundation of the Spanish Army in the nineteenth century, beginning with the War of Independence against Napoleon. Chapter 2 covers the period following the Spanish-American War as the Army redirected its focus to the securing the Spanish Protectorate in northern Morocco. Chapters 3 and 4 present the two armies of the Spanish Civil War, as well as their relationship to the warring factions of Nationalists and Republicans. Chapter 5 looks World War II, when - although officially neutral - Spain sent soldiers to fight against the Soviet Union. De-colonialism is covered in chapter 6 as Spain began to shed its African empire. Chapter 8 charts Spain's integration into the Western defence community in the 1950s, its membership in NATO, and its participation in peacekeeping and humanitarian missions. Chapter 9 focuses on Spain's struggle against terrorism, both the domestic Basque movement ETA, and the newer conflict against Al Qaeda.