具体描述
Harry Wolcott, one of anthropology's leading writers on ethnographic methods, here addresses the nature of the ethnographic enterprise itself. Tracing its development from its disciplinary origins in sociology and anthropology, he helps the reader understand what is distinctive about ethnography and what it means to conduct research in the ethnographic tradition. In this engaging, thought-provoking book, he distinguishes ethnography as more than just a set of field methods and practices, separating it from many related qualitative research traditions as 'a way of seeing' through the lens of culture. For both beginning and experienced ethnographers in a wide range of disciplines, Wolcott's book will provide important ideas for improving research practice.
《人类学实践：深入田野的探索与洞察》 这是一部关于人类学田野调查的深度解析，它并非讲述某一本具体著作的内容，而是致力于阐述人类学研究方法论的核心精髓。本书将带领读者一同踏上一次思想的旅程，从田野调查的出发点，到研究成果的呈现，全面展现人类学研究的严谨性与创造性。 第一章：田野的召唤——人类学的起点 本章深入探讨人类学研究的根基：田野调查。我们将审视人类学家为何选择走向田野，又是如何被特定的人群、文化或社会现象所吸引。书中的内容将详细阐述“被吸引”的内在驱动力，可能源于对未知的好奇，对社会不公的关切，或是对人类多样性的深深着迷。我们将探讨历史上的那些标志性田野调查，分析它们是如何开启了我们对不同文明的认知，以及这些早期的探索是如何塑造了人类学这门学科的。 研究对象的选择与边界的划定： 如何确定研究的主题？是针对一个具体的社区、一种特定的仪式，还是一个普遍的社会议题？书中将讨论选择研究对象时所需要考虑的因素，包括研究者的兴趣、研究的可行性、以及研究的潜在价值。同时，也将阐释如何界定研究的范围，避免研究过于宽泛而失焦。 前期准备与伦理考量： 田野调查并非说走就走的旅行，而是需要周密的计划。本章将细致描绘前期准备工作，包括文献回顾、研究问题的初步界定、以及潜在的文化障碍的预估。更为重要的是，本书将深入探讨田野调查的伦理困境，例如如何在不干扰当地生活的前提下进行观察，如何处理与研究对象的保密协议，以及如何确保研究成果的公平公正。读者将了解到，尊重研究对象及其文化是田野调查不可逾越的红线。 第二章：融入与观察——在田野中行走 本章的核心在于阐述人类学家如何在田野中“行走”——即如何与研究对象建立联系并进行深入观察。这不仅仅是简单的“观看”，而是一种主动的、富有技巧的互动过程。 参与式观察的艺术： 书中将详细解析参与式观察的技巧。人类学家如何才能真正“融入”一个陌生的文化？这需要学习当地的语言，理解他们的习俗，甚至尝试参与他们的日常生活。本书将通过丰富的案例，展示人类学家是如何在保持学术距离的同时，又能够赢得当地人的信任，成为他们生活的一部分，从而获得最真实的第一手资料。 访谈的智慧与技巧： 访谈是获取个体经验和看法的关键。本章将探讨不同类型的访谈，从结构化访谈到非结构化访谈，以及如何在访谈中引导对话，捕捉更深层次的含义。我们将学习如何提出恰当的问题，如何倾听，以及如何识别访谈中的微妙之处，例如言语背后的非言语信息。 记录的精细与反思： 田野笔记是人类学家最宝贵的财富。本书将强调记录的细致程度，包括对场景、人物、对话、情绪的全面捕捉。同时，也将探讨日记、照片、录音等多种记录方式的运用。更为关键的是，本书将引导读者理解“反思性”在记录中的重要性，即研究者需要不断审视自己的观察角度、偏见以及研究过程中的主观感受，并将其纳入分析之中。 第三章：理解与分析——从数据到洞察 田野调查的意义在于通过对收集到的数据进行分析，最终提炼出有价值的洞察。本章将聚焦于这一关键的转化过程。 数据整理与编码： 海量的田野数据如何被系统地整理？本章将介绍常用的数据整理方法，例如主题编码、分类编码等，帮助研究者将零散的观察转化为有组织的知识框架。 理论框架的应用与建构： 人类学研究离不开理论的指导。本书将探讨如何在田野数据分析中运用现有的理论，例如结构主义、马克思主义、后现代主义等，并阐释如何根据研究发现，对原有理论进行修正或构建新的理论。 叙事的力量与解释的艺术： 最终，人类学研究的成果需要通过清晰的叙事来呈现。本章将分析如何将复杂的田野资料转化为引人入胜的故事，如何构建一个逻辑严密的论证，并最终提出深刻的文化洞察。读者将学习到，好的田野调查报告不仅是数据的堆砌，更是对人类行为和文化逻辑的深刻解读。 第四章：成果的呈现与学科的演进 本章将目光投向田野调查的最终产出，以及这些成果如何推动人类学学科本身的发展。 学术著作、论文与报告： 无论是学术专著，还是期刊论文，亦或是研究报告，都是田野调查成果的重要载体。本书将分析不同形式的呈现方式，以及如何根据受众和目的选择最合适的表达方式。 对社会与文化的贡献： 人类学研究的价值不仅在于学术本身，更在于它如何帮助我们理解不同的文化，促进跨文化交流，甚至为解决现实世界的社会问题提供思路。本书将通过对不同时代、不同区域的人类学研究成果的梳理，展示其在增进人类自我认知和促进社会进步方面的重要作用。 人类学未来的展望： 随着全球化的深入和科技的发展，人类学的研究方式和研究对象也在不断演变。本章将对人类学未来的发展方向进行展望，探讨新的研究领域、新的技术手段，以及人类学在当下和未来社会中的独特价值。 《人类学实践：深入田野的探索与洞察》是一部致力于揭示人类学研究生命力与智慧的指南。它邀请每一位对人类文化充满好奇、渴望理解世界的人，一同走进人类学的迷人世界。
作者简介
Harry F. Wolcott is professor emeritus in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Oregon. He has been at the university since completing a PhD at Stanford in 1964 and has served on the faculties of the College of Education and the Department of Anthropology.
目录信息
Contents
INTRODUCTION
9
Where in the World Do You Think You Are Going?
19
A Personal Account
20
In Place of Place
24
Keeping Ethnography in Perspective
30
Spradley and McCurdys The Cultural Experience
34
Where Do You Think You Are Going?
38
A WAY OF LOOKING ANDA WAY OF SEEING
41
The Catchall Label
44
Experiencing Enquiring and Examining
46
Distinguishing Between Observers and Participant Observers
48
When Researchers Ask
51
Archival Strategies
58
The Appeal of an Ethnographic Approach to Research
61
Ethnography as a Way of Seeing
65
Ethnography as More than Method
67
What Is an Ethnographic Question?
68
Great Expectations or Mission Impossible?
74
More Expectations
77
Ethnography as Holistic or Contextual
78
Ethnography as CrossCultural and Comparative
82
Ethnography as Idiosyncratic
89
Thinking Broadly About Culture
90
Cultural Orientation
91
Cultural Knowhow
94
Cultural Beliefs
96
Culture and Ethnography Under Siege
98
REPRESENTING AND PRESENTING HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE
101
Ethnography by the Numbers 104
Replicating or Adapting an Existing Model 107
Combining Features from Several Models 110
Working from a Standard Plan 112
Proposing Ones Own Set of Categories 116
More Alternatives 120
The Introductory Text as Informal Field Guide 121
The Modular Approach 125
Meeting Ethnographic Criteria the LowRisK Way 127
Ethnography from Inside Out 131
How Critical Is Difference in Doing Ethnography? 132
Emic and Etic 136
Insiders and Outsiders 137
The Ethnographer Tells the Story of a People 138
The Ethnographer Helps People Tell Their Story 144
The Idea of Native Ethnography 146
Achieving Native Ethnography 149
The Native Goes Anthropologist 154
InformantCentered or PersonCentered Ethnography 156
The Anthropological Life History 159
A Widening Circle of Ethnographic Practices 169
Ethnography of the Self 170
The Anthropology of Experience 174
Ethnographic Evaluation 178
Critical Ethnography 181
Ethnographic Futures 183
Ethnographic Fiction 186
An EverWidening Circle 191
THE BIGGER PICTURE 197
How Having Too Much Time Can Work Against the Ethnographer 198
Working Within Rigorous Time Constraints 202
Ethnographic Reconnaissance 207
Suggestions for Incorporating Ethnographic Reconnaissance as a Research Strategy 210
Systematic Data Collection 214
Stepwise Research 217
Does It Matter Whether or Not Its Ethnography 219
Can You Do Ethnography Without Embracing the Culture Concept? 227
An Assignment to ThinkAbout 228
The New Ethnographer 237
Ethnography as a Piece of Cake 241
Analogy to the Rescue One More Time 244
Essential Ingredients and Ethnography 245
Adding In Culture 251
Cultural Patterning 255
Culture Revisited 257
A Piece of Cake? 262
Living the Ethnographic Life 265
Ethnographic Futures and the Future of Ethnography 266
Ethnography in the Professional Career 271
Ethnography as Occupation and Preoccupation 276
Everybody an Ethnographer? 280
Paying a Price for Living the Ethnographic Life 283
References and Select Bibliography 291
Name Index 319
Subject Index 325
Acknowledgments
About the AuthorAbout the Book
Copyright
· · · · · · (收起)
INTRODUCTION
9
Where in the World Do You Think You Are Going?
19
A Personal Account
20
In Place of Place
24
Keeping Ethnography in Perspective
30
Spradley and McCurdys The Cultural Experience
34
Where Do You Think You Are Going?
38
A WAY OF LOOKING ANDA WAY OF SEEING
41
The Catchall Label
44
Experiencing Enquiring and Examining
46
Distinguishing Between Observers and Participant Observers
48
When Researchers Ask
51
Archival Strategies
58
The Appeal of an Ethnographic Approach to Research
61
Ethnography as a Way of Seeing
65
Ethnography as More than Method
67
What Is an Ethnographic Question?
68
Great Expectations or Mission Impossible?
74
More Expectations
77
Ethnography as Holistic or Contextual
78
Ethnography as CrossCultural and Comparative
82
Ethnography as Idiosyncratic
89
Thinking Broadly About Culture
90
Cultural Orientation
91
Cultural Knowhow
94
Cultural Beliefs
96
Culture and Ethnography Under Siege
98
REPRESENTING AND PRESENTING HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE
101
Ethnography by the Numbers 104
Replicating or Adapting an Existing Model 107
Combining Features from Several Models 110
Working from a Standard Plan 112
Proposing Ones Own Set of Categories 116
More Alternatives 120
The Introductory Text as Informal Field Guide 121
The Modular Approach 125
Meeting Ethnographic Criteria the LowRisK Way 127
Ethnography from Inside Out 131
How Critical Is Difference in Doing Ethnography? 132
Emic and Etic 136
Insiders and Outsiders 137
The Ethnographer Tells the Story of a People 138
The Ethnographer Helps People Tell Their Story 144
The Idea of Native Ethnography 146
Achieving Native Ethnography 149
The Native Goes Anthropologist 154
InformantCentered or PersonCentered Ethnography 156
The Anthropological Life History 159
A Widening Circle of Ethnographic Practices 169
Ethnography of the Self 170
The Anthropology of Experience 174
Ethnographic Evaluation 178
Critical Ethnography 181
Ethnographic Futures 183
Ethnographic Fiction 186
An EverWidening Circle 191
THE BIGGER PICTURE 197
How Having Too Much Time Can Work Against the Ethnographer 198
Working Within Rigorous Time Constraints 202
Ethnographic Reconnaissance 207
Suggestions for Incorporating Ethnographic Reconnaissance as a Research Strategy 210
Systematic Data Collection 214
Stepwise Research 217
Does It Matter Whether or Not Its Ethnography 219
Can You Do Ethnography Without Embracing the Culture Concept? 227
An Assignment to ThinkAbout 228
The New Ethnographer 237
Ethnography as a Piece of Cake 241
Analogy to the Rescue One More Time 244
Essential Ingredients and Ethnography 245
Adding In Culture 251
Cultural Patterning 255
Culture Revisited 257
A Piece of Cake? 262
Living the Ethnographic Life 265
Ethnographic Futures and the Future of Ethnography 266
Ethnography in the Professional Career 271
Ethnography as Occupation and Preoccupation 276
Everybody an Ethnographer? 280
Paying a Price for Living the Ethnographic Life 283
References and Select Bibliography 291
Name Index 319
Subject Index 325
Acknowledgments
About the AuthorAbout the Book
Copyright
· · · · · · (收起)
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