List of Figures ix
         List of Tables x
         How to Use the Book xii
         Introducing the Manifesto Data: Background xvi
         I. PARTIES AND REPRESENTATION IN EASTERN EUROPE AND
         THE EUROPEAN UNION
         1. Uniquely! Over-Time Mapping of Party Policy Movements in Central
         and Eastern Europe 1990–2003 3
         2. Beyond the Left-Right Dimension: Policy Profiles and Programmatic
         Coherence of Party Groupings in the European Parliament 28
         3. A Common Space for Electoral Communication? Comparing Party and
         Voter Placements on a Left-Right Continuum inWestern Europe
         and CEE 51
         II. METHODOLOGY AND MEASUREMENT
         4. Evaluating Validity with the Standard Left-Right Scale: Matching
         Measurements to Conceptual Intentions 63
         5. Information or Error? Reliability of Policy Time Series 86
         6. Quantifying Policy Emphases in Texts Using the CMP Approach:
         Comparisons with Alternative Approaches 105
         7. Exploiting Manifesto-Based Estimates of the Median for Multi-Level
         Analysis: Relating Electoral, Legislative and Government
         Policy Preferences 124
         8. Using the Data 138
         Appendix I. Description of Manifesto Data-Set 150
         Appendix II. Manifesto Coding Instructions 164
         Appendix III. Political Parties Included in the Data-Set 195
         Appendix IV. Missing Party Documents 236
         viii Contents
         General Bibliography 238
         Select Bibliography of Manifesto-Related Research 247
         Bibliography of Electoral Data Sources 253
         Index 261
         CD-ROM CONTENTS
         Appendix I. Description of Manifesto Data-Set
         Appendix II. Manifesto Coding Instructions
         Appendix III. Political Parties included in the Data-Set
         Appendix IV. Missing Party Documents
         Appendix V. Party Programmes, Titles and Sources
         Data-Set Mean Percentage Scores for Parties on Six Policy Scales
         Data-Set Median Voter Positions
         Data-Set Government Policy Positions
         Data-Set Policy Estimates and Party Votes 1990–2003
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