具体描述
《弦论》是一本真正意义上的现代弦论的入门书籍，内容现代全面，简明，将20世纪80年代以来弦论中最易于理解，最重要的方面全面囊括其中。物理的一个核心理论是用一维扩充弦代替零维类点粒子，弦论已经成为成功地各种基本自然力统一起来的最重要理论。本书从弦论的基本定义开始，通述了经典观点和现代观点。特别地，书中详述了扰动弦论及其共形场论，同时探讨了非扰动的各个方面和弦相互作用的整体性。陈列了一些现代话题如黑洞、他们的显微熵和ads/cft对应，并且包括了将近500研究生水平的习题，这些都使本书的独立性增强，内容更加详实。
《弦的低语：宇宙万物的终极叙事》 在这本引人入胜的著作中，我们将踏上一段穿越时空、物质与能量最深层本质的探索之旅。本书并非一篇艰深的学术论文，而是一次面向广大求知者的诚挚邀请，一同揭开宇宙最隐秘的图景，理解构成万事万物的基本“代码”。 我们将从对现有物理学框架的审视开始。爱因斯坦的广义相对论，以其对引力时空几何的精妙描绘，构建了我们理解宇宙宏观结构的基石。量子力学，则以其概率性、叠加态和纠缠态，展现了微观世界的奇特逻辑，解释了原子、粒子乃至亚原子粒子的行为。然而，当试图将这两大支柱——宏观的引力和微观的量子世界——融合时，我们遭遇了前所未有的理论鸿沟。黑洞奇点、大爆炸的初始瞬间，这些极端条件下，我们现有的物理学定律似乎都失效了。 本书将聚焦于一种充满希望的理论——弦理论。它提出了一个革命性的观点：构成宇宙最基本单元的，并非点状的粒子，而是微小、振动着的“弦”。就像琴弦的不同振动模式可以产生不同的音符一样，这些基本弦的不同振动方式，便构成了我们所观察到的所有基本粒子，从电子、夸克到光子、引力子。这种思想的简洁与优雅，为我们提供了一个可能统一描述自然界所有基本力和所有物质的框架。 我们将深入探讨弦理论的核心概念。其中最引人注目的，莫过于其对维度数量的预测。弦理论在数学上最为自洽的表述，要求宇宙拥有远超我们日常感知的维度。本书将形象地解释，为何需要额外维度的存在，以及这些额外维度是如何被“卷曲”起来，以至于我们在宏观世界中无法直接察觉。我们将通过类比，例如蚂蚁在花园水管上的行走，来理解二维生物如何感知三维空间，从而帮助读者理解高维空间的潜在存在。 我们还将审视弦理论所带来的深远哲学意义。如果万物皆由振动的弦构成，那么宇宙的本质究竟是什么？我们所见的“现实”是否只是这些微小弦振动的某种投影？本书将引发读者对因果关系、时间流逝以及我们个体在宏大宇宙中的位置的深刻思考。弦理论不仅是对物质世界的探索，更是对我们认知极限的挑战。 本书的叙述将力求清晰易懂，避免过度使用晦涩的数学公式。我们将通过大量生动的比喻、历史故事和思想实验，将抽象的理论概念具象化。读者将了解到，弦理论的发展并非一蹴而就，而是经历了数代物理学家的不懈努力和智慧结晶，其中充满了科学探索的曲折与突破。 我们将介绍弦理论的几个主要分支，如超弦理论，以及它们如何试图解决现有物理学中的难题，例如夸克禁闭问题，以及为何存在引力如此微弱等长期困扰物理学家的谜团。本书还将探讨弦理论在解释宇宙学问题上的潜力，比如暗物质和暗能量的本质，以及如何可能勾勒出大爆炸之前的宇宙图景。 最后，本书不会止步于理论的描述，而是会展望弦理论的未来发展方向。尽管直接的实验验证仍然面临巨大的挑战，但弦理论在数学上的优美性和解释力，已经吸引了全球顶尖的物理学家。我们将讨论科学家们正在探索的潜在实验途径，以及弦理论可能为我们打开的，对宇宙更深层次理解的新窗口。 《弦的低语：宇宙万物的终极叙事》是一本旨在激发读者对宇宙终极奥秘的好奇心，并提供一个前沿而富有启发性的理论视角。它是一次穿越理论前沿的旅行，一次对我们所处世界最根本规律的追寻，一次对人类智力极限的致敬。希望通过本书的阅读，您能感受到宇宙之大，及其背后令人惊叹的精妙设计，并从中获得对自然界全新的认知与启迪。
作者简介
目录信息
Preface xv
Abbreviations xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Prehistory 1
1.2 The Case for String Theory 3
1.3 A Stringy Historical Perspective 6
1.4 Conventions 8
Bibliography 9
Chapter 2: Classical String Theory 10
2.1 The Point Particle 10
2.2 Relativistic Strings 14
2.3 Oscillator Expansions 20
2.3.1 Closed strings 20
2.3.2 Open strings 22
2.3.3 The Virasoro constraints 24
Bibliography 26
Exercises 26
Chapter 3: Quantization of Bosonic Strings 28
3.1 Covariant Canonical Quantization 28
3.2 Light-cone Quantization 31
3.3 Spectrum of the Bosonic String 32
3.4 Unoriented Strings 33
3.4.1 Open strings and Chan-Paton factors 34
3.5 Path Integral Quantization 37
3.6 Topologically Nontrivial World-sheets 39
3.7 BRST Primer 40
3.8 BRST in String Theory and the Physical Spectrum 42
Bibliography 46
Exercises 46
Chapter 4: Conformal Field Theory 49
4.1 Conformal Transformations 49
4.1.1 The case of two dimensions 51
4.2 Conformally Invariant Field Theory 52
4.3 Radial Quantization 54
4.4 Mode Expansions 57
4.5 The Virasoro Algebra and the Central Charge 58
4.6 The Hilbert Space 59
4.7 The Free Boson 60
4.8 The Free Fermion 63
4.9 The Conformal Anomaly 64
4.10 Representations of the Conformal Algebra 66
4.11 Affine Current Algebras 69
4.12 Free Fermions and O(N) Affine Symmetry 71
4.13 Superconformal Symmetry 77
4.13.1 N = (1,0)2 superconformal symmetry 77
4.13.2 N = (2,0)2 superconformal symmetry 79
4.13.3 N = (4,0)2 superconformal symmetry 81
4.14 Scalars with Background Charge 82
4.15 The CFT of Ghosts 84
4.16 CFT on the Disk 86
4.16.1 Free massless bosons on the disk 86
4.16.2 Free massless fermions on the disk 88
4.16.3 The projective plane 90
4.17 CFT on the Torus 90
4.18 Compact Scalars 93
4.18.1 Modular invariance 97
4.18.2 Decompactification 97
4.18.3 The torus propagator 97
4.18.4 Marginal deformations 98
4.18.5 Multiple compact scalars 98
4.18.6 Enhanced symmetry and the string Brout-Englert-Higgs effect 100
4.18.7 T-duality 101
4.19 Free Fermions on the Torus 103
4.20 Bosonization 105
4.20.1 "Bosonization" of bosonic ghost system 106
4.21 Orbifolds 107
4.22 CFT on Other Surfaces of Euler Number Zero 112
4.23 CFT on Higher-genus Riemann Surfaces 116
Bibliography 117
Exercises 118
Chapter 5: Scattering Amplitudes and Vertex Operators 126
5.1 Physical Vertex Operators 128
5.2 Calculation of Tree-level Tachyon Amplitudes 130
5.2.1 The closed string 130
5.2.2 The open string 131
5.3 The One-loop Vacuum Amplitudes 133
5.3.1 The torus 134
5.3.2 The cylinder 136
5.3.3 The Klein bottle 138
5.3.4 The Möbius strip 138
5.3.5 Tadpole cancellation 139
5.3.6 UV structure and UV-IR correspondence 140
Bibliography 141
Exercises 142
Chapter 6: Strings in Background Fields 144
6.1 The Nonlinear ?-model Approach 144
6.2 The Quest for Conformal Invariance 147
6.3 Linear Dilaton and Strings in D < 26 Dimensions 149
6.4 T-duality in Nontrivial Backgrounds 151
Bibliography 151
Exercises 152
Chapter 7: Superstrings and Supersymmetry 155
7.1 N = (1, 1)2 World-sheet Superconformal Symmetry 155
7.2 Closed (Type-II) Superstrings 157
7.2.1 Massless R-R states 159
7.3 Type-I Superstrings 162
7.4 Heterotic Superstrings 165
7.5 Superstring Vertex Operators 168
7.6 One-loop Superstring Vacuum Amplitudes 170
7.6.1 The type-IIA/B superstring 170
7.6.2 The heterotic superstring 171
7.6.3 The type-I superstring 171
7.7 Closed Superstrings and T-duality 174
7.7.1 The type-II string theories 174
7.7.2 The heterotic string 175
7.8 Supersymmetric Effective Actions 175
7.9 Anomalies 176
Bibliography 182
Exercises 183
Chapter 8: D-branes 187
8.1 Antisymmetric Tensors and p-branes 187
8.2 Open Strings and T-duality 188
8.3 D-branes 191
8.4 D-branes and R-R Charges 193
8.4.1 D-instantons 196
8.5 D-brane Effective Actions 197
8.5.1 The Dirac-Born-Infeld action 197
8.5.2 Anomaly-related terms 199
8.6 Multiple Branes and Nonabelian Symmetry 200
8.7 T-duality and Orientifolds 201
8.8 D-branes as Supergravity Solitons 205
8.8.1 The supergravity solutions 205
8.8.2 Horizons and singularities 207
8.8.3 The extremal branes and their near-horizon geometry 208
8.9 NS5-branes 211
Bibliography 213
Exercises 213
Chapter 9: Compactifications and Supersymmetry Breaking 219
9.1 Narain Compactifications 219
9.2 World-sheet versus Space-time Supersymmetry 223
9.2.1 N = 14 space-time supersymmetry 225
9.2.2 N = 24 space-time supersymmetry 226
9.3 Orbifold Reduction of Supersymmetry 228
9.4 A Heterotic Orbifold with N = 24 Supersymmetry 231
9.5 Spontaneous Supersymmetry Breaking 235
9.6 A Heterotic N = 14 Orbifold and Chirality in Four Dimensions 237
9.7 Calabi-Yau Manifolds 239
9.7.1 Holonomy 241
9.7.2 Consequences of SU(3) holonomy 242
9.7.3 The CY moduli space 243
9.8 N = 14 Heterotic Compactifications 245
9.8.1 The low-energy N = 14 heterotic spectrum 246
9.9 K3 Compactification of the Type-II String 247
9.10 N = 26 Orbifolds of the Type-II String 250
9.11 CY Compactifications of Type-II Strings 252
9.12 Mirror Symmetry 253
9.13 Absence of Continuous Global Symmetries 255
9.14 Orientifolds 256
9.14.1 K3 orientifolds 257
9.14.2 The Klein bottle amplitude 258
9.14.3 D-branes on T4/Z2 260
9.14.4 The cylinder amplitude 263
9.14.5 The Möbius strip amplitude 265
9.14.6 Tadpole cancellation 266
9.14.7 The open string spectrum 267
9.15 D-branes at Orbifold Singularities 268
9.16 Magnetized Compactifications and Intersecting Branes 271
9.16.1 Open strings in an internal magnetic field 272
9.16.2 Intersecting branes 277
9.16.3 Intersecting D6-branes 278
9.17 Where is the Standard Model? 280
9.17.1 The heterotic string 280
9.17.2 Type-II string theory 282
9.17.3 The type-I string 283
9.18 Unification 284
Bibliography 286
Exercises 287
Chapter 10: Loop Corrections to String Effective Couplings 294
10.1 Calculation of Heterotic Gauge Thresholds 296
10.2 On-shell Infrared Regularization 301
10.2.1 Evaluation of the threshold 303
10.3 Heterotic Gravitational Thresholds 304
10.4 One-loop Fayet-Iliopoulos Terms 305
10.5 N = 1, 24 Examples of Threshold Corrections 309
10.6 N = 24 Universality of Thresholds 312
10.7 Unification Revisited 315
Bibliography 317
Exercises 317
Chapter 11: Duality Connections and Nonperturbative Effects 320
11.1 Perturbative Connections 322
11.2 BPS States and BPS Bounds 323
11.3 Nonrenormalization Theorems and BPS-saturated Couplings 325
11.4 Type-IIA versus M-theory 328
11.5 Self-duality of the Type-IIB String 331
11.6 U-duality of Type-II String Theory 334
11.6.1 U-duality and bound states 336
11.7 Heterotic/Type I Duality in Ten Dimensions 336
11.7.1 The type-I D1-string 339
11.7.2 The type-I D5-brane 341
11.7.3 Further consistency checks 343
11.8 M-theory and the E8 × E8 Heterotic String 344
11.8.1 Unification at strong heterotic coupling 347
11.9 Heterotic/Type II Duality in Six Dimensions 348
11.9.1 Gauge symmetry enhancement and singular K3 surfaces 352
11.9.2 Heterotic/type II duality in four dimensions 355
11.10 Conifold Singularities and Conifold Transitions 356
Bibliography 362
Exercises 363
Chapter 12: Black Holes and Entropy in String Theory 369
12.1 A Brief History 369
12.2 The Strategy 370
12.3 Black-hole Thermodynamics 371
12.3.1 The Euclidean continuation 372
12.3.2 Hawking evaporation and greybody factors 374
12.4 The Information Problem and the Holographic Hypothesis 375
12.5 Five-dimensional Extremal Charged Black Holes 377
12.6 Five-dimensional Nonextremal RN Black Holes 379
12.7 The Near-horizon Region 381
12.8 Semiclassical Derivation of the Hawking Rate 383
12.9 The Microscopic Realization 386
12.9.1 The world-volume theory of the bound state 387
12.9.2 The low-energy SCFT of the D1-D5 bound state 389
12.9.3 Microscopic calculation of the entropy 391
12.9.4 Microscopic derivation of Hawking evaporation rates 394
12.10 Epilogue 396
Bibliography 398
Exercises 399
Chapter 13: The Bulk/Boundary Correspondence 403
13.1 Large-N Gauge Theories and String Theory 405
13.2 The Decoupling Principle 408
13.3 The Near-horizon Limit 409
13.4 Elements of the Correspondence 410
13.5 Bulk Fields and Boundary Operators 413
13.6 Holography 416
13.7 Testing the AdS5/CFT4 Correspondence 417
13.7.1 The chiral spectrum of N = 4 gauge theory 418
13.7.2 Matching to the string theory spectrum 420
13.7.3 N = 8 five-dimensional gauged supergravity 422
13.7.4 Protected correlation functions and anomalies 422
13.8 Correlation Functions 424
13.8.1 Two-point functions 425
13.8.2 Three-point functions 427
13.8.3 The gravitational action and the conformal anomaly 428
13.9 Wilson Loops 433
13.10 AdS5/CFT4 Correspondence at Finite Temperature 436
13.10.1 N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature 436
13.10.2 The near-horizon limit of black D3-branes 438
13.10.3 Finite-volume and large-N phase transitions 440
13.10.4 Thermal holographic physics 443
13.10.5 Spatial Wilson loops in (a version of ) QCD3 444
13.10.6 The glueball mass spectrum 446
13.11 AdS3/CFT2 Correspondence 447
13.11.1 The greybody factors revisited 450
13.12 The Holographic Renormalization Group 450
13.12.1 Perturbations of the CFT4 451
13.12.2 Domain walls and flow equations 452
13.12.3 A RG flow preserving N = 1 supersymmetry 454
13.13 The Randall-Sundrum Geometry 456
13.13.1 An alternative to compactification 459
Bibliography 462
Exercises 463
Chapter 14: String Theory and Matrix Models 470
14.1 M(atrix) Theory 471
14.1.1 Membrane quantization 471
14.1.2 Type-IIA D0 -branes and DLCQ 473
14.1.3 Gravitons and branes in M(atrix) theory 476
14.1.4 The two-graviton interaction from M(atrix) theory 477
14.2 Matrix Models and D = 1 Bosonic String Theory 479
14.2.1 The continuum limit 481
14.2.2 Solving the matrix model 482
14.2.3 The double-scaling limit 485
14.2.4 The free-fermion picture 487
14.3 Matrix Description of D = 2 String Theory 488
14.3.1 Matrix quantum mechanics and free fermions on the line 490
14.3.2 The continuum limit 492
14.3.3 The double-scaling limit 494
14.3.4 D-particles, tachyons, and holography 496
Bibliography 498
Exercises 498
Appendix A Two-dimensional Complex Geometry 503
Appendix B Differential Forms 505
Appendix C Theta and Other Elliptic Functions 507
C.1 ? and Related Functions 507
C.2 The Weierstrass Function 510
C.3 Modular Forms 510
C.4 Poisson Resummation 512
Appendix D Toroidal Lattice Sums 513
Appendix E Toroidal Kaluza-Klein Reduction 516
Appendix F The Reissner-Nordstro..m Black Hole 519
Appendix G Electric-magnetic Duality in D = 4 522
Appendix H Supersymmetric Actions in Ten and Eleven Dimensions 525
H.1 The N = 111 Supergravity 526
H.2 Type-IIA Supergravity 527
H.3 Type-IIB Supergravity 528
H.4 Type-II Supergravities: The Democratic Formulation 529
H.5 N = 110 Supersymmetry 530
Appendix I N = 1,2, Four-dimensional Supergravity Coupled to Matter 533
I.1 N = 14 Supergravity 533
I.2 N = 24 Supergravity 535
Appendix J BPS Multiplets in Four Dimensions 537
Appendix K The Geometry of Anti--de Sitter Space 541
K.1 The Minkowski Signature AdS 541
K.2 Euclidean AdS 544
K.3 The Conformal Structure of Flat Space 546
K.4 Fields in AdS 548
K.4.1 The wave equation in Poincaré coordinates 549
K.4.2 The bulk-boundary propagator 550
K.4.3 The bulk-to-bulk propagator 551
Bibliography 553
Index 575
· · · · · · (收起)
Abbreviations xvii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Prehistory 1
1.2 The Case for String Theory 3
1.3 A Stringy Historical Perspective 6
1.4 Conventions 8
Bibliography 9
Chapter 2: Classical String Theory 10
2.1 The Point Particle 10
2.2 Relativistic Strings 14
2.3 Oscillator Expansions 20
2.3.1 Closed strings 20
2.3.2 Open strings 22
2.3.3 The Virasoro constraints 24
Bibliography 26
Exercises 26
Chapter 3: Quantization of Bosonic Strings 28
3.1 Covariant Canonical Quantization 28
3.2 Light-cone Quantization 31
3.3 Spectrum of the Bosonic String 32
3.4 Unoriented Strings 33
3.4.1 Open strings and Chan-Paton factors 34
3.5 Path Integral Quantization 37
3.6 Topologically Nontrivial World-sheets 39
3.7 BRST Primer 40
3.8 BRST in String Theory and the Physical Spectrum 42
Bibliography 46
Exercises 46
Chapter 4: Conformal Field Theory 49
4.1 Conformal Transformations 49
4.1.1 The case of two dimensions 51
4.2 Conformally Invariant Field Theory 52
4.3 Radial Quantization 54
4.4 Mode Expansions 57
4.5 The Virasoro Algebra and the Central Charge 58
4.6 The Hilbert Space 59
4.7 The Free Boson 60
4.8 The Free Fermion 63
4.9 The Conformal Anomaly 64
4.10 Representations of the Conformal Algebra 66
4.11 Affine Current Algebras 69
4.12 Free Fermions and O(N) Affine Symmetry 71
4.13 Superconformal Symmetry 77
4.13.1 N = (1,0)2 superconformal symmetry 77
4.13.2 N = (2,0)2 superconformal symmetry 79
4.13.3 N = (4,0)2 superconformal symmetry 81
4.14 Scalars with Background Charge 82
4.15 The CFT of Ghosts 84
4.16 CFT on the Disk 86
4.16.1 Free massless bosons on the disk 86
4.16.2 Free massless fermions on the disk 88
4.16.3 The projective plane 90
4.17 CFT on the Torus 90
4.18 Compact Scalars 93
4.18.1 Modular invariance 97
4.18.2 Decompactification 97
4.18.3 The torus propagator 97
4.18.4 Marginal deformations 98
4.18.5 Multiple compact scalars 98
4.18.6 Enhanced symmetry and the string Brout-Englert-Higgs effect 100
4.18.7 T-duality 101
4.19 Free Fermions on the Torus 103
4.20 Bosonization 105
4.20.1 "Bosonization" of bosonic ghost system 106
4.21 Orbifolds 107
4.22 CFT on Other Surfaces of Euler Number Zero 112
4.23 CFT on Higher-genus Riemann Surfaces 116
Bibliography 117
Exercises 118
Chapter 5: Scattering Amplitudes and Vertex Operators 126
5.1 Physical Vertex Operators 128
5.2 Calculation of Tree-level Tachyon Amplitudes 130
5.2.1 The closed string 130
5.2.2 The open string 131
5.3 The One-loop Vacuum Amplitudes 133
5.3.1 The torus 134
5.3.2 The cylinder 136
5.3.3 The Klein bottle 138
5.3.4 The Möbius strip 138
5.3.5 Tadpole cancellation 139
5.3.6 UV structure and UV-IR correspondence 140
Bibliography 141
Exercises 142
Chapter 6: Strings in Background Fields 144
6.1 The Nonlinear ?-model Approach 144
6.2 The Quest for Conformal Invariance 147
6.3 Linear Dilaton and Strings in D < 26 Dimensions 149
6.4 T-duality in Nontrivial Backgrounds 151
Bibliography 151
Exercises 152
Chapter 7: Superstrings and Supersymmetry 155
7.1 N = (1, 1)2 World-sheet Superconformal Symmetry 155
7.2 Closed (Type-II) Superstrings 157
7.2.1 Massless R-R states 159
7.3 Type-I Superstrings 162
7.4 Heterotic Superstrings 165
7.5 Superstring Vertex Operators 168
7.6 One-loop Superstring Vacuum Amplitudes 170
7.6.1 The type-IIA/B superstring 170
7.6.2 The heterotic superstring 171
7.6.3 The type-I superstring 171
7.7 Closed Superstrings and T-duality 174
7.7.1 The type-II string theories 174
7.7.2 The heterotic string 175
7.8 Supersymmetric Effective Actions 175
7.9 Anomalies 176
Bibliography 182
Exercises 183
Chapter 8: D-branes 187
8.1 Antisymmetric Tensors and p-branes 187
8.2 Open Strings and T-duality 188
8.3 D-branes 191
8.4 D-branes and R-R Charges 193
8.4.1 D-instantons 196
8.5 D-brane Effective Actions 197
8.5.1 The Dirac-Born-Infeld action 197
8.5.2 Anomaly-related terms 199
8.6 Multiple Branes and Nonabelian Symmetry 200
8.7 T-duality and Orientifolds 201
8.8 D-branes as Supergravity Solitons 205
8.8.1 The supergravity solutions 205
8.8.2 Horizons and singularities 207
8.8.3 The extremal branes and their near-horizon geometry 208
8.9 NS5-branes 211
Bibliography 213
Exercises 213
Chapter 9: Compactifications and Supersymmetry Breaking 219
9.1 Narain Compactifications 219
9.2 World-sheet versus Space-time Supersymmetry 223
9.2.1 N = 14 space-time supersymmetry 225
9.2.2 N = 24 space-time supersymmetry 226
9.3 Orbifold Reduction of Supersymmetry 228
9.4 A Heterotic Orbifold with N = 24 Supersymmetry 231
9.5 Spontaneous Supersymmetry Breaking 235
9.6 A Heterotic N = 14 Orbifold and Chirality in Four Dimensions 237
9.7 Calabi-Yau Manifolds 239
9.7.1 Holonomy 241
9.7.2 Consequences of SU(3) holonomy 242
9.7.3 The CY moduli space 243
9.8 N = 14 Heterotic Compactifications 245
9.8.1 The low-energy N = 14 heterotic spectrum 246
9.9 K3 Compactification of the Type-II String 247
9.10 N = 26 Orbifolds of the Type-II String 250
9.11 CY Compactifications of Type-II Strings 252
9.12 Mirror Symmetry 253
9.13 Absence of Continuous Global Symmetries 255
9.14 Orientifolds 256
9.14.1 K3 orientifolds 257
9.14.2 The Klein bottle amplitude 258
9.14.3 D-branes on T4/Z2 260
9.14.4 The cylinder amplitude 263
9.14.5 The Möbius strip amplitude 265
9.14.6 Tadpole cancellation 266
9.14.7 The open string spectrum 267
9.15 D-branes at Orbifold Singularities 268
9.16 Magnetized Compactifications and Intersecting Branes 271
9.16.1 Open strings in an internal magnetic field 272
9.16.2 Intersecting branes 277
9.16.3 Intersecting D6-branes 278
9.17 Where is the Standard Model? 280
9.17.1 The heterotic string 280
9.17.2 Type-II string theory 282
9.17.3 The type-I string 283
9.18 Unification 284
Bibliography 286
Exercises 287
Chapter 10: Loop Corrections to String Effective Couplings 294
10.1 Calculation of Heterotic Gauge Thresholds 296
10.2 On-shell Infrared Regularization 301
10.2.1 Evaluation of the threshold 303
10.3 Heterotic Gravitational Thresholds 304
10.4 One-loop Fayet-Iliopoulos Terms 305
10.5 N = 1, 24 Examples of Threshold Corrections 309
10.6 N = 24 Universality of Thresholds 312
10.7 Unification Revisited 315
Bibliography 317
Exercises 317
Chapter 11: Duality Connections and Nonperturbative Effects 320
11.1 Perturbative Connections 322
11.2 BPS States and BPS Bounds 323
11.3 Nonrenormalization Theorems and BPS-saturated Couplings 325
11.4 Type-IIA versus M-theory 328
11.5 Self-duality of the Type-IIB String 331
11.6 U-duality of Type-II String Theory 334
11.6.1 U-duality and bound states 336
11.7 Heterotic/Type I Duality in Ten Dimensions 336
11.7.1 The type-I D1-string 339
11.7.2 The type-I D5-brane 341
11.7.3 Further consistency checks 343
11.8 M-theory and the E8 × E8 Heterotic String 344
11.8.1 Unification at strong heterotic coupling 347
11.9 Heterotic/Type II Duality in Six Dimensions 348
11.9.1 Gauge symmetry enhancement and singular K3 surfaces 352
11.9.2 Heterotic/type II duality in four dimensions 355
11.10 Conifold Singularities and Conifold Transitions 356
Bibliography 362
Exercises 363
Chapter 12: Black Holes and Entropy in String Theory 369
12.1 A Brief History 369
12.2 The Strategy 370
12.3 Black-hole Thermodynamics 371
12.3.1 The Euclidean continuation 372
12.3.2 Hawking evaporation and greybody factors 374
12.4 The Information Problem and the Holographic Hypothesis 375
12.5 Five-dimensional Extremal Charged Black Holes 377
12.6 Five-dimensional Nonextremal RN Black Holes 379
12.7 The Near-horizon Region 381
12.8 Semiclassical Derivation of the Hawking Rate 383
12.9 The Microscopic Realization 386
12.9.1 The world-volume theory of the bound state 387
12.9.2 The low-energy SCFT of the D1-D5 bound state 389
12.9.3 Microscopic calculation of the entropy 391
12.9.4 Microscopic derivation of Hawking evaporation rates 394
12.10 Epilogue 396
Bibliography 398
Exercises 399
Chapter 13: The Bulk/Boundary Correspondence 403
13.1 Large-N Gauge Theories and String Theory 405
13.2 The Decoupling Principle 408
13.3 The Near-horizon Limit 409
13.4 Elements of the Correspondence 410
13.5 Bulk Fields and Boundary Operators 413
13.6 Holography 416
13.7 Testing the AdS5/CFT4 Correspondence 417
13.7.1 The chiral spectrum of N = 4 gauge theory 418
13.7.2 Matching to the string theory spectrum 420
13.7.3 N = 8 five-dimensional gauged supergravity 422
13.7.4 Protected correlation functions and anomalies 422
13.8 Correlation Functions 424
13.8.1 Two-point functions 425
13.8.2 Three-point functions 427
13.8.3 The gravitational action and the conformal anomaly 428
13.9 Wilson Loops 433
13.10 AdS5/CFT4 Correspondence at Finite Temperature 436
13.10.1 N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory at finite temperature 436
13.10.2 The near-horizon limit of black D3-branes 438
13.10.3 Finite-volume and large-N phase transitions 440
13.10.4 Thermal holographic physics 443
13.10.5 Spatial Wilson loops in (a version of ) QCD3 444
13.10.6 The glueball mass spectrum 446
13.11 AdS3/CFT2 Correspondence 447
13.11.1 The greybody factors revisited 450
13.12 The Holographic Renormalization Group 450
13.12.1 Perturbations of the CFT4 451
13.12.2 Domain walls and flow equations 452
13.12.3 A RG flow preserving N = 1 supersymmetry 454
13.13 The Randall-Sundrum Geometry 456
13.13.1 An alternative to compactification 459
Bibliography 462
Exercises 463
Chapter 14: String Theory and Matrix Models 470
14.1 M(atrix) Theory 471
14.1.1 Membrane quantization 471
14.1.2 Type-IIA D0 -branes and DLCQ 473
14.1.3 Gravitons and branes in M(atrix) theory 476
14.1.4 The two-graviton interaction from M(atrix) theory 477
14.2 Matrix Models and D = 1 Bosonic String Theory 479
14.2.1 The continuum limit 481
14.2.2 Solving the matrix model 482
14.2.3 The double-scaling limit 485
14.2.4 The free-fermion picture 487
14.3 Matrix Description of D = 2 String Theory 488
14.3.1 Matrix quantum mechanics and free fermions on the line 490
14.3.2 The continuum limit 492
14.3.3 The double-scaling limit 494
14.3.4 D-particles, tachyons, and holography 496
Bibliography 498
Exercises 498
Appendix A Two-dimensional Complex Geometry 503
Appendix B Differential Forms 505
Appendix C Theta and Other Elliptic Functions 507
C.1 ? and Related Functions 507
C.2 The Weierstrass Function 510
C.3 Modular Forms 510
C.4 Poisson Resummation 512
Appendix D Toroidal Lattice Sums 513
Appendix E Toroidal Kaluza-Klein Reduction 516
Appendix F The Reissner-Nordstro..m Black Hole 519
Appendix G Electric-magnetic Duality in D = 4 522
Appendix H Supersymmetric Actions in Ten and Eleven Dimensions 525
H.1 The N = 111 Supergravity 526
H.2 Type-IIA Supergravity 527
H.3 Type-IIB Supergravity 528
H.4 Type-II Supergravities: The Democratic Formulation 529
H.5 N = 110 Supersymmetry 530
Appendix I N = 1,2, Four-dimensional Supergravity Coupled to Matter 533
I.1 N = 14 Supergravity 533
I.2 N = 24 Supergravity 535
Appendix J BPS Multiplets in Four Dimensions 537
Appendix K The Geometry of Anti--de Sitter Space 541
K.1 The Minkowski Signature AdS 541
K.2 Euclidean AdS 544
K.3 The Conformal Structure of Flat Space 546
K.4 Fields in AdS 548
K.4.1 The wave equation in Poincaré coordinates 549
K.4.2 The bulk-boundary propagator 550
K.4.3 The bulk-to-bulk propagator 551
Bibliography 553
Index 575
· · · · · · (收起)
读后感
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作者对人物心理的描摹达到了令人心惊的地步，简直就像是把角色的灵魂赤裸裸地摊开在我们面前。我尤其对那个主要角色的内心挣扎印象深刻，他面对道德困境时的犹豫、自我怀疑以及最终的决断，都处理得极其真实和饱满。这不是那种脸谱化的英雄或反派，他们有血有肉，有着常人都会有的弱点和闪光点。通过大量的内心独白和微妙的肢体语言描写，我甚至能清晰地感受到那种深入骨髓的疲惫和希望的微光。书中某些段落，仅仅是对一个眼神、一个停顿的描述，就蕴含了千言万语的情感重量，远超那些冗长的解释。这种细腻的笔触，让读者不再是旁观者，而是真正走进了角色的世界，与其同呼吸共命运。读完之后，这些人物仿佛还活在我的脑海里，他们的选择和代价，会持续地引发我的思考，这才是文学作品最高级的魅力所在。
评分这部书的语言风格堪称一绝，它时而如诗歌般华美，时而又像冷硬的刀锋般直击人心。我特别喜欢作者对环境和氛围的营造，那些景物的描写，绝不是简单的背景板，而是深深地融入了人物的情绪之中。比如，描写一场暴雨时，那雨声、那湿冷的气息，仿佛真的能穿透纸面，打湿读者的脸庞。但这种华丽并非矫揉造作，当故事需要一种疏离感或冷峻的现实感时，作者的文字会立刻变得简洁有力，一针见血，毫不拖泥带水。这种驾驭不同语境和情绪的文字能力，展现了作者深厚的文学功底。不同章节、不同叙述者之间的语气差异也拿捏得恰到好处，使得作品的层次感更加丰富，每一次转换都像是在切换不同的视角镜头，保持了阅读的新鲜感和冲击力。
评分从主题深度上来说，这部作品远超一般的小说的范畴，它触及了一些人类社会亘古不变的议题，但探讨的角度却是如此新颖独特，令人耳目一新。它没有给出简单的答案，而是抛出了更深刻的诘问。比如，关于“记忆的可靠性”和“个体自由的边界”这些哲学层面的思考，作者巧妙地将其融入到日常的冲突之中，让这些宏大的概念变得可感、可触。我常常在读到某个情节时，会猛地停下来，开始反思自己对于某些既定观念的看法。这种引发深度内省的力量是这部作品最宝贵的财富。它不只是提供了一个逃离现实的出口，更像是递给我们一面镜子，让我们审视自身所处的真实世界，并对那些习以为常的现象产生质疑，其思想的穿透力是持久而深刻的。
评分作为一本结构复杂的小说，其世界观的构建完整性和逻辑自洽性是最大的考验，而这部作品在这方面做得极其出色，几乎找不到破绽。作者似乎花费了数年时间来打磨这个虚构的（或类现实的）社会体系，从其内部的运作规则、历史渊源到微妙的潜规则，都描绘得如同真实的历史文献一般详实可靠。这种强大的“沉浸感”来自于细节的严谨性，即便是最奇特的设定，也总能找到一套合理的内部逻辑来支撑，这极大地增强了读者的信任感。即使故事发展到最天马行空的部分，读者也能完全接受，因为作者已经提前铺设好了那张严密的逻辑之网。这种对世界观的极致追求，让这部作品不仅仅是娱乐，更像是一次对想象中世界的深度考察，其构建的复杂度与精细度，足以媲美那些被誉为史诗级的巨著。
评分这部作品的叙事结构真是令人拍案叫绝。作者仿佛是一位高超的建筑师，将错综复杂的故事情节巧妙地编织在一起，既有宏大的时代背景，又不乏细腻入微的人物刻画。初读时，你会感觉像是在迷宫中穿行，线索零散，难以捉摸，但随着情节的层层递进，那些看似不相关的点点滴滴，如同被磁力吸引般，最终汇聚成一个震撼人心的整体图景。尤其欣赏作者在时间线处理上的功力，时不时地插入一些对未来的预示或者对过去的追溯，让读者始终保持着一种“未解之谜”的兴奋感。这种叙事技巧极大地增强了故事的张力，使得每一次翻页都充满了对真相的渴望。它不像传统的小说那样线性推进，反而更像是一幅多层次的织锦，需要你不断地驻足欣赏那些隐藏在细节之下的精妙纹理。整个阅读过程与其说是接收信息，不如说是一场智力的解谜游戏，每一次恍然大悟都带来了巨大的满足感，让人忍不住想立刻回头重读，去捕捉那些之前忽略的伏笔。
评分写的简洁明了，把很多问题都留到了课后习题里，致使此书难度飙升。而且网上也没找到习题解答，但是这本书也正如作者所言，结构性很强，每章之后推荐的论文也非常全面，总的来说是本结构性极强，比polchinski和witten的书更加新颖的总结用的书
评分写的简洁明了，把很多问题都留到了课后习题里，致使此书难度飙升。而且网上也没找到习题解答，但是这本书也正如作者所言，结构性很强，每章之后推荐的论文也非常全面，总的来说是本结构性极强，比polchinski和witten的书更加新颖的总结用的书
评分写的简洁明了，把很多问题都留到了课后习题里，致使此书难度飙升。而且网上也没找到习题解答，但是这本书也正如作者所言，结构性很强，每章之后推荐的论文也非常全面，总的来说是本结构性极强，比polchinski和witten的书更加新颖的总结用的书
评分写的简洁明了，把很多问题都留到了课后习题里，致使此书难度飙升。而且网上也没找到习题解答，但是这本书也正如作者所言，结构性很强，每章之后推荐的论文也非常全面，总的来说是本结构性极强，比polchinski和witten的书更加新颖的总结用的书
评分写的简洁明了，把很多问题都留到了课后习题里，致使此书难度飙升。而且网上也没找到习题解答，但是这本书也正如作者所言，结构性很强，每章之后推荐的论文也非常全面，总的来说是本结构性极强，比polchinski和witten的书更加新颖的总结用的书
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