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It is the aim of the present study to introduce the reader to the ways of thinking of those contemporary philosophers who apply the tools of symbolic logic to classical philosophical problems. Unlike the "continental" reader for whom this work was originally written, the English speaking reader will be more familiar with most of the philosophers dis cussed in this book, and he will in general not be tempted to dismiss them indiscriminately as "positivists" and "nominalists". But the English version of this study may help to redress the balance in another respect. In view of the present emphasis on ordinary language and the wide spread tendency to leave the mathematical logicians alone with their technicalities, it seems not without merit to revive the interest in formal ontology and the construction of formal systems. A closer look at the historical account which will be given here, may convince the reader that there are several points in the historical develop ment whose consequences have not yet been fully assessed: I mention, e. g. , the shift from the traditional three-level semantics of sense and deno tation to the contemporary two-level semantics of representation; the relation of extensional structure and intensional content in the extensional systems of Wittgenstein and Carnap; the confusing changes in labelling the different kinds of analytic and apriori true sentences; etc. Among the philosophically interesting tools of symbolic logic Lesniewski's calculus of names deserves special attention.

Guido Küng, philosophy educator. Member European Society Analytic Philosophy, American Philosophical Association, Allgemeine Gessellschaft Philosphie in Deutschland, Deutsche Gesellschaft Phänomenologische Forschung, Gesellschaft Analytische Philosophie, Schweizerische Gesellschaft Logik und Philosophie der Wissenschaft, Society Philosophique Fribourg.

Career

Professor University Notre Dame, Indiana, 1962-1973. Professor philosophy, director Institute East-European studies University Fribourg, since 1973, dean faculty letters, 1980-1981. Visiting professor University Laval, Quebec, Canada, 1969, Washington University, St. Louis, 1972, Pontificia University, Rio de Janeiro, 1979, Fudan University Shanghai, China, 1987-1988.

Researcher Husserl-Archives, University Leuven, Belgium, 1970-1971. Member committee research grants Swiss Academy Humaniteis and Social Sciences, since 1982. Member bureau steering committee International Federation Philosophical Societies, since 1983.

0. Introduction
0.1 The linguistic and logical interests of contemporary philosophy
0.2 Natural and logistic languages
0.3 The concern of the present study
0.31 Speculative grammar
0.32 Logistic languages and ontology
0.4 Plan of the book
Appendix I / Brief historical survey of logistic philosophy
Appendix II / The different traditions of contemporary semiotics
Part One / The logistic analysis of language and the relation of representation
1. A philosophical revolution
1.1 The birth of contemporary analytic philosophy
1.2 Russell's analysis of relational facts
2. From the theory of knowledge to the logical analysis of language
2.1 The logicist definition of number
2.2 Logical constructions in place of epistemological inferences of existence
2.3 Philosophy as logical analysis of language
3. From the psychological concepts to the graphical sign
3.1 The elimination of psychologism and Frege's semantics
3.2 Russell's theory of description
3.3 Tarski's definition of the concept of truth
4. The relation of representation
4.1 The sharing of structure and form
4.2 the question of the content
Part Two / The relation of representation of predicate signs and contemporary view on universals
5. Bertrand Russell
5.1 Universals as logical atoms
5.2 Qualia as individuals
5.3 Antinomies in the theory of classes
5.4 The hierarchy of types
6. Ludwig Wittgenstein
6.1 The ideal language without predicate signs
6.2 The interpretation of predicate signs of non-ideal languages
6.3 Some consequences of Wittgenstein's conception
7. Rudolf Carnap
7.1 "Well-founded" relations
7.2 Synonimity
7.21 Kinds of a priori statements
7.22 Synonimity in logical syntax and semantics
7.3 Conventionalism and positivism
8. Stanslaw Lesniewski
8.1 The contradictory nature of so-called "general objects"
8.2 Mereology
8.3 Ontology
8.31 The distributive conception of totalities
8.32 Shared, unshared and fictitious names
8.33 Functors and existential import
8.34 Quantifiers without existential import
8.4 Lesniewski's nominalism
9. W.V. Quine and N. Goodman
9.1 Quine's criterion
9.11 To be is to be the value of a variable
9.12 Different kinds of variables
9.13 On the precise formulation of Quine's criterion
9.2 Ontologically different universes of discourse
9.21 Individuals and classes
9.22 Classes and intensions
9.3 A new way of judging ontological points of view
9.31 Intensionalism and extensionalism
9.32 Platonism and nominalism
9.321 Degrees of platonism
9.322 Systems and experience
9.323 Nominalistic reformulations
9.4 The syncategorematic functioning of predicate signs
9.41 Quine's view
9.42 Goodman's view
10. The Interpretations of predicate signs
10.1 Predicate signs as genuine names
10.2 Syncategorematic predicate signs
10.21 The equality interpretation
10.22 Equalities as foundation for abstraction
10.23 The similarity interpretation
10.3 The strictly reistic interpretation
11 Conclusion
11.1 The value of exact formulation
11.2 The intensional background of formal structures and the incompleteness of all formalization
11.3 Logical analysis and formal ontology
Bibliography
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