Medieval Law in Context

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出版者:Palgrave Macmillan
作者:Musson, Anthony
出品人:
页数:256
译者:
出版时间:2001-7
价格:$ 100.57
装帧:HRD
isbn号码:9780719054938
丛书系列:
图书标签:
  • 英格兰
  • 法律
  • 中世纪
  • 中世纪法律
  • 法律史
  • 欧洲法律史
  • 中世纪史
  • 法律与社会
  • 历史学
  • 中世纪文化
  • 法学
  • 历史研究
  • 中世纪
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具体描述

This is an examination of how medieval people at all social levels thought about law, justice and politics, as well as their role in society. The author provides both a history of judicial developments in the 13th and 14th centuries and contributes to the understanding of intellectual history in the period. Each chapter focuses on a different facet of legal culture and experiences, and enables the reader to enter the realms of both perception and reality. Taken cumulatively, they combine to offer a picture of the state of legal consciousness: an ideological context in which to set the political and judicial developments that were occurring during the two centuries of tremendous social change.

Title: The Crucible of Sovereignty: Legal Foundations of Early Modern European States (c. 1450–1750) A Comprehensive Examination of the Transformation of Law and Governance in the Transition from Medieval Feudalism to the Ascendancy of the Territorial State This volume delves into the pivotal period spanning the late fifteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries, a transformative era that witnessed the dismantling of inherited legal frameworks and the forging of the foundational structures of modern European sovereign states. Rather than focusing on the established narratives of canon law or the highly localized customs of the high Middle Ages, The Crucible of Sovereignty meticulously reconstructs the complex interplay of political ambition, evolving commercial demands, intellectual currents, and the pragmatic necessities of warfare that necessitated a radical rethinking of legal authority and jurisdiction. The central thesis posits that the emergence of the modern state was not merely a political coup d'état but a protracted legal revolution, where the very concept of imperium—supreme, undivided, and territorial—was painstakingly constructed, contested, and codified through novel legal practices and theoretical justifications. The book eschews a simple chronological narrative, instead adopting a thematic structure to illuminate the specific arenas where the medieval legacy was actively challenged and ultimately overwritten. I. The Erosion of Pluralism and the Centralization of Justice The initial sections rigorously analyze the decline of overlapping jurisdictions that characterized the High Middle Ages—the shared authority between the Church, the nobility, the free cities, and the remnants of the Holy Roman Empire. We examine the strategic deployment of rediscovered Roman Law principles, particularly those concerning state power (maiestas), by emerging monarchies. This was not a blind adoption of Justinian, but a selective appropriation, adapted to serve the centralizing aims of the crown. Detailed case studies from France (the gradual integration of parlements under royal oversight) and the Iberian Kingdoms (the expansion of royal audiencias) illustrate how administrative law evolved into an instrument of direct royal command, bypassing traditional feudal courts. Crucially, the book offers a nuanced critique of the "reception" of Roman Law, arguing that its adoption was often negotiated by local jurists seeking professional elevation, rather than being a wholesale imposition from above. The tension between the written, rationalized law of the academies and the deeply rooted, unwritten customary law (consuetudo) forms a persistent theme. How did nascent state bureaucracies manage to enforce universalizing principles against entrenched local privileges (libertates)? The answer lies in the strategic creation of specialized, royal commissions whose decrees slowly established precedents that chipped away at local customary autonomy. II. Defining the Territorial Bond: Law, Allegiance, and Exclusion A critical departure from medieval legal thought, rooted in personal vassalage and religious universalism, was the redefinition of the relationship between the ruler and the ruled as one defined by geography and subject status. This section explores the legal mechanisms underpinning the concept of the territorium. We investigate how concepts of legal standing—who could own land, bear arms, or invoke royal protection—became intrinsically linked to the defined borders of the emerging state. The analysis includes an in-depth look at the development of laws concerning allegiance and treason. Treason, once often defined in relation to the feudal lord or the universal Church, was legally recast as a violation of the sovereign's peace (pax regis) within a defined political space. This shift facilitated the exclusion of internal dissenters and the stabilization of dynastic claims. Furthermore, the book examines the burgeoning body of maritime and commercial law. As European powers engaged in global exploration and trade, the need for standardized, enforceable commercial regulations that transcended local customs became paramount. The treaties and charters establishing chartered trading companies reveal early forms of supra-state regulatory frameworks, ironically often sanctioned by increasingly absolute monarchs eager to control mercantile wealth. III. Fiscal Imperatives and the Birth of Public Finance Law The relentless expenditure associated with the Wars of Religion and the subsequent great power contests necessitated innovations in state finance that profoundly impacted legal structures. This section moves beyond simple taxation to explore the institutionalization of public debt, the creation of specialized fiscal offices (such as the Chambres du Trésor in France or the Juntas de Hacienda in Spain), and the associated legal innovations used to guarantee loans and enforce collection. We analyze the legal characterization of extraordinary levies—a realm constantly policed by resistance from representative bodies (Estates General, Cortes). The book details how jurists crafted arguments justifying the king's "necessity" to bypass customary consent for taxation, effectively codifying a new kind of sovereign prerogative rooted in the defense of the realm. The legal battles over monopolies, customs farming, and the seizure of ecclesiastical assets during early reformations provide rich material for understanding how the state asserted its economic supremacy through the manipulation of existing property and contractual law. IV. Confessionalization and the Legal Shaping of Identity The religious schisms of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries acted as a powerful, if often violent, catalyst for legal consolidation. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) and the Peace of Westphalia (1648) are treated not merely as diplomatic milestones, but as profound legal instruments redefining the relationship between confession and civil status. The principle of cuius regio, eius religio legally bound the faith of the ruler to the law of the land, fundamentally altering the legal standing of religious minorities. The study examines the divergent paths taken by Catholic and Protestant states in forging their legal identity. In Catholic realms, the struggle to subject the Church’s jurisdiction (matrimonial cases, ecclesiastical courts, property rights) to royal control became a central pillar of state-building. In Protestant territories, the fusion of temporal and spiritual authority led to the rapid secularization of areas previously governed by canon law, establishing new courts for marriage, poor relief, and morality enforcement under the direct supervision of the magistrate. Conclusion: From Feudal Custom to Legal Rationality The Crucible of Sovereignty concludes by tracing the intellectual trajectory from the late Baroque concepts of divine right, articulated by jurists like Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes, to the emerging, more structural legal theories of the early Enlightenment. It argues that the comprehensive legal transformation achieved by 1750—marked by centralized courts, standardized fiscal demands, defined territorial borders, and a hierarchical legal consciousness—laid the indispensable, if often contested, groundwork upon which later eighteenth-century reform movements and revolutionary legal codes would be built. This book seeks to illuminate the practical, often brutal, legal engineering required to transition from a world governed by fragmented loyalties and inherited privileges to one defined by the singular, comprehensive authority of the sovereign territorial state.

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这本书的深度和广度令人惊叹,它将中世纪的法律从一个相对枯燥的学术领域,变成了一部引人入胜的社会史画卷。我特别欣赏作者对法律条文背后的社会动因和实际影响的深入挖掘,它让我明白,法律不仅仅是规则的集合,更是社会权力、价值观和利益博弈的体现。书中对不同社会阶层在法律实践中的不同地位和诉求的分析,也为我展现了中世纪社会的不平等和复杂性。我印象深刻的是关于婚姻法和家庭法的讨论,这些法律不仅规范了最基本的社会单元,也折射出那个时代人们的婚姻观念、性别角色以及家族责任。这本书的语言流畅,逻辑清晰,即使是对于法律史不甚了解的读者,也能轻松地跟随作者的思路,领略中世纪法律的魅力。它是一本极具启发性的读物,能够帮助我们更深刻地理解法律在人类社会发展进程中的作用。

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这本书为我提供了一个全新的视角来理解中世纪的社会。它不只是关于国王、贵族和他们的权力,更是关于法律如何渗透到社会的每一个角落,影响着每一个人的生活。我特别喜欢书中对商业合同、债务纠纷以及财产继承等方面的详细论述,这些内容让我看到了中世纪经济活动和普通人日常生活中的法律痕迹。作者对不同法律体系之间的互动和冲突的分析也十分精彩,它展示了中世纪法律的复杂性和多样性,以及法律是如何在不同力量的博弈中演变的。我印象深刻的是书中关于教会法在日常生活中影响力的讨论,这让我看到了宗教信仰和法律制度之间密不可分的联系。这本书的叙事方式非常流畅,语言也比较易懂,即使是对于法律史不太熟悉的读者,也能从中获得丰富的知识和深刻的见解。

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这套书简直就是一本关于中世纪法律的百科全书,我简直是如饥似渴地读完了它。它不仅仅是罗列了一堆枯燥的法律条文,而是将法律置于它所处的社会、经济和文化背景中进行深入的解读。作者巧妙地将那些遥远而模糊的法律概念,比如封建契约、教会法、财产继承等,变得生动有趣,让读者能够真正理解它们是如何在中世纪的日常生活中发挥作用的。我特别喜欢书中对不同社会阶层如何运用法律的分析,从国王到农奴,每个人都有自己的法律诉求和策略。它还探讨了法律是如何随着时间和地域的变化而演变的,这使得我对中世纪社会的复杂性和动态性有了更深刻的认识。书中引用的案例和史料也相当丰富,每一个都像是一扇窗户,让我得以窥见那个时代人们的生活细节和思想观念。即便你对法律史一无所知,这本书也能让你轻松入门,并且对那个时代产生浓厚的兴趣。它的逻辑清晰,论证严谨,读起来既有启发性,又能学到很多知识。总而言之,这是一本极具学术价值和阅读趣味的书,强烈推荐给所有对中世纪历史、法律和社会感兴趣的人。

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这是一本真正意义上的“情境化”的法律史著作,它不只是罗列法律条文,而是将法律置于其所处的历史、社会和文化背景中进行生动细致的阐释。我之所以这样说,是因为作者非常善于从细微之处着眼,通过对具体案例的深入挖掘,来揭示中世纪法律的运作机制和影响。例如,书中关于财产继承权的讨论,不仅仅局限于法律条文的解释,还深入分析了家族关系、性别角色以及经济因素是如何共同作用,塑造了实际的继承结果。我特别欣赏作者在处理复杂的法律概念时,能够保持语言的通俗易懂,并且逻辑清晰,引人入胜。它让我明白,法律从来都不是孤立存在的,而是与社会结构、权力分配、道德观念以及人们的日常行为紧密相连。这本书不仅为我提供了丰富的历史知识,更重要的是,它教会我如何从更广阔的视角去理解法律的本质和功能。

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我一直以来都对中世纪的历史情有独钟,而这本书则为我打开了一个全新的视角。它没有流于表面地讲述骑士、国王和战争,而是深入剖析了支撑那个时代的“骨架”——法律。我尤其被书中关于普通人如何与法律打交道的情节所吸引,从简单的土地租赁纠纷,到复杂的刑事案件,这本书都描绘得栩栩如生。它让我明白,法律并非仅仅是贵族和统治者的工具,也是普通人维护自身权益、解决日常争端的重要手段。作者对不同法域,如习惯法、教会法和王室法的互动和冲突的分析,也为我展现了中世纪法律体系的复杂性和动态性。这本书的叙事方式非常引人入胜,语言流畅,逻辑严谨,读起来既有知识性,又有阅读的乐趣。它让我对中世纪的社会生活有了更深刻、更立体的认识,也对法律在构建社会秩序中的作用有了更深的理解。

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这本书的视角非常独特,它不仅仅是关于“有什么法律”,更是关于“法律是如何被使用和理解的”。作者非常擅长将宏观的法律制度与微观的个体经历相结合,通过鲜活的案例,展现了法律在中世纪社会中的实际运作。我印象最深刻的是关于合同法和侵权法的讨论,这些现代社会中至关重要的法律领域,在中世纪也以其独特的方式存在,并影响着人们的日常生活。书中对教会法的影响也进行了深入的探讨,展示了宗教信仰和法律制度之间错综复杂的关系。我特别赞赏作者在处理复杂法律概念时的清晰度和条理性,即使涉及多重法律体系的交叉影响,也能被解读得井井有条。这本书让我明白,法律不是脱离社会而存在的抽象概念,而是深深植根于历史、文化和人性之中。它不仅是一本关于中世纪法律的书,更是一本关于人类社会如何在法律框架下组织和运作的精彩叙事。

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我一直对中世纪的骑士和城堡充满幻想,但直到我读了这本书,才真正了解到支撑那个时代的“软实力”——法律。它没有像许多学术著作那样,用晦涩的语言让人望而却步,反而用一种非常引人入胜的方式,将中世纪的法律体系呈现在我面前。我尤其被书中对土地所有权和继承法的描写所吸引,这些看似基础的法律概念,在中世纪却与政治权力、家族荣誉和个人命运紧密相连。作者通过对大量原始文献的细致梳理和解读,揭示了法律在塑造社会结构、规范人际关系、乃至影响人们的道德观念方面所扮演的关键角色。读完这本书,我才明白,中世纪的法律并非一成不变的僵化规则,而是一个充满协商、冲突和演变的活态系统。它让我对那个时代的社会秩序有了全新的认识,也对法律在任何时代的重要性有了更深的理解。这本书的语言流畅,叙事生动,即使是对法律领域不甚了解的读者,也能从中获得巨大的知识和阅读享受。

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作为一名对中世纪历史一直怀有浓厚兴趣的读者,我可以说这本书彻底改变了我对那个时代法律的认知。它没有像一些学术著作那样,将法律描绘成一堆晦涩难懂的条文,而是将其置于生动的历史和社会情境之中,让我看到了法律的实际运作和巨大影响。我尤其喜欢书中对财产法和合同法的细致分析,这些法律不仅规范了中世纪的经济活动,也折射出当时人们的社会关系和价值观念。作者通过对大量案例的研究,生动地展现了法律在中世纪社会中的多重角色:既是维护秩序的工具,也是解决争端的手段,更是塑造社会结构和权力分配的重要力量。我特别赞赏作者在处理复杂的法律概念时,能够保持语言的清晰流畅,并且逻辑严谨,引人入胜。它让我明白,理解法律,就必须理解它所处的时代和它所服务的社会。

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我一直觉得中世纪的法律就像是一个巨大的谜团,充满了各种奇特的规则和程序,直到我读了这本书,才真正揭开了它的面纱。作者以一种非常清晰且引人入胜的方式,将中世纪复杂的法律体系,如庄园法、习惯法、教会法以及日益兴起的王室法,娓娓道来。我尤其被书中对土地所有权和租赁关系的描写所吸引,这些看似平凡的法律问题,在中世纪却与社会地位、政治权力以及个人生计息息相关。作者对案例的引用也十分精妙,每一个案例都像是一扇小窗口,让我得以窥见那个时代人们的日常生活、他们的冲突以及他们如何利用法律来解决问题。这本书的优点在于其“情境化”的视角,它不仅仅是列举法律条文,更是深入探讨了法律是如何被创造、被执行、被解读以及被适应的。它让我明白,法律从来都不是一成不变的,而是随着社会的发展而不断演变的。

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我一直觉得中世纪的法律是一种非常神秘和遥远的东西,但这本书彻底改变了我的看法。它用一种非常接地气的方式,让我看到了法律如何渗透到中世纪社会生活的方方面面。从庄园里的纠纷到王国的判决,法律无处不在,并且以各种意想不到的方式影响着人们的生活。作者对不同地区和不同时期法律传统的比较也非常有启发性,让我看到了法律的多样性和适应性。我特别喜欢书中对法律程序的描写,那些古老的仪式和辩论方式,充满了历史的厚重感。这本书不仅仅是知识的堆积,更是一种思维的启迪,它让我开始思考,法律的本质是什么,它又是如何与权力、道德和正义相互作用的。读完之后,我感觉自己对中世纪社会有了更全面的理解,也对法律在人类文明发展中的作用有了更深刻的认识。

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