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'Markedness' refers to the tendency of languages to show a preference for particular structures or sounds. This bias towards 'marked' elements is consistent within and across languages, and tells us a great deal about what languages can and cannot do. This pioneering study presents a groundbreaking theory of markedness in phonology. De Lacy argues that markedness is part of our linguistic competence, and is determined by three conflicting mechanisms in the brain: (a) pressure to preserve marked sounds ('preservation'), (b) pressure to turn marked sounds into unmarked sounds ('reduction'), and (c) a mechanism allowing the distinction between marked and unmarked sounds to be collapsed ('conflation'). He shows that due to these mechanisms, markedness occurs only when preservation is irrelevant. Drawing on examples of phenomena such as epenthesis, neutralisation, assimilation, vowel reduction and sonority-driven stress, Markedness offers an important insight into this essential concept in the understanding of human language.

Preface
Acknowledgments
Symbols and abbreviations
1 What is markedness?
1.1 Aims
1.2 Challenges for markedness
1.3 Solutions
1.4 Implications and diagnostics
1.5 Markedness: an outline
2 Theory
2.1 Aims
2.2 Markedness hierarchies
2.3 Theory and formalism
2.4 Discovering hierarchies
2.5 Summary
3 Markedness reduction
3.1 The visibility of markedness reduction
3.2 Consonant epenthesis
3.3 The output of neutralization
3.4 Methodology and exceptions
3.5 Conclusions
4 Preservation of the Marked
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Neutralization and inventories
4.3 Undergoers of assimilation
4.4 The form of faithfulness constraints
4.5 Summary: overt and covert markedness
5 Conflation in reduction
5.1 Introduction
5.2 PoA conflation
5.3 Conflation prevention and vowel sonority
5.4 Alternatives
5.5 Summary
6 Markedness conflation in preservation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Preservation conflation in Swedish voicing
6.3 Preservation conflation in Pali coalescence
6.4 Domain faithfulness and the majority rules problem
6.5 Summary
7 Markedness conflict: vowels
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Vowel epenthesis
7.3 Vowel inventories and neutralization
7.4 Prosodification
7.5 Summary
8 Predictions and alternatives
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Predictions
8.3 Markedness exists
8.4 Representational complexity is not markedness
8.5 Non-contrastive markedness
8.6 Markedness is absolute
8.7 Markedness is expressed in both output and preservation constraints
8.8 Conclusions
9 Conclusions
9.1 Markedness
9.2 Markedness in the future
References
Subject index
Language index
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