1　about this book　1
1.1　whythisbook　1
1.2　before reading this book　2
1.3　style and structure of the book　2
1.4　howtoreadthisbook　4
1.5　stateof theart　5
1.6　example code and additional information　5
1.7　feedback　5
2　introduction to c++ and the standard library　7
2.1　history of thec++standards　7
2.1.1　common questions about the c++11 standard　8
2.1.2　compatibility between c++98 and c++11　9
2.2　complexity and big-o notation　10
3　new language features　13
3.1　new c++11 language features　13
3.1.1　important minor syntax cleanups　13
3.1.2　automatic type deduction with auto　14
3.1.3　uniform initialization and initializer lists　15
3.1.4　range-based for loops　17
.3.1.5　move semantics and rvalue references　19
3.1.6　newstringliterals　23
3.1.7　keyword noexcept　24
3.1.8　keyword constexpr　26
3.1.9　newtemplatefeatures　26
3.1.10　lambdas　28
3.1.11　keyword decltype　32
3.1.12　new function declaration syntax　32
3.1.13　scoped enumerations　32
3.1.14　new fundamental data types　33
3.2　old “new” language features　33
3.2.1　explicit initialization for fundamental types　37
3.2.2　definition of main()　37
4　general concepts　39
4.1　namespace std　39
4.2　headerfiles　40
4.3　error and exception handling　41
4.3.1　standard exception classes　41
4.3.2　members of exception classes　44
4.3.3　passing exceptions with class exception_ptr　52
4.3.4　throwing standard exceptions　53
4.3.5　deriving from standard exception classes　54
4.4　callableobjects　54
4.5　concurrency and multithreading　55
4.6　allocators　57
5　utilities　59
5.1　pairs and tuples　60
5.1.1　pairs　60
5.1.2　tuples　68
5.1.3　i/o for tuples　74
5.1.4　conversions between tuples and pairs　75
5.2　smart pointers　76
5.2.1　class shared_ptr　76
5.2.2　class weak_ptr　84
5.2.3　misusing shared pointers　89
5.2.4　shared and weak pointers in detail　92
5.2.5　class unique_ptr　98
5.2.6　class unique_ptr indetail　110
5.2.7　class auto_ptr　113
5.2.8　final words on smart pointers　114
5.3　numericlimits　115
5.4　type traits and type utilities　122
5.4.1　purposeoftypetraits　122
5.4.2　typetraits indetail　125
5.4.3　referencewrappers　132
5.4.4　function type wrappers　133
5.5　auxiliary functions　134
5.5.1　processing the minimum and maximum　134
5.5.2　swapping two values　136
5.5.3　supplementary comparison operators　138
5.6　compile-time fractional arithmetic with class ratio[]　140
5.7　clocks andtimers　143
5.7.1　overviewof thechronolibrary　143
5.7.2　durations　144
5.7.3　clocks and timepoints　149
5.7.4　date and time functions by c and posix　157
5.7.5　blocking with timers　160
5.8　header files [cstddef], [cstdlib], and [cstring]　161
5.8.1　definitions in [cstddef]　161
5.8.2　definitions in [cstdlib]　162
5.8.3　definitions in [cstring]　163
6　the standard template library　165
6.1　stl components　165
6.2　containers　167
6.2.1　sequence containers　169
6.2.2　associative containers　177
6.2.3　unordered containers　180
6.2.4　associativearrays　185
6.2.5　other containers　187
6.2.6　container adapters　188
6.3　iterators　188
6.3.1　further examples of using associative and unordered containers　193
6.3.2　iteratorcategories　198
6.4　algorithms　199
6.4.1　ranges　203
6.4.2　handling multiple ranges　207
6.5　iteratoradapters　210
6.5.1　insert iterators　210
6.5.2　streamiterators　212
6.5.3　reverse iterators　214
6.5.4　move iterators　216
6.6　user-defined generic functions　216
6.7　manipulating algorithms　217
6.7.1　“removing” elements　218
6.7.2　manipulating associative and unordered containers　221
6.7.3　algorithms versus member functions　223
6.8　functions as algorithm arguments　224
6.8.1　using functions as algorithm arguments　224
6.8.2　predicates　226
6.9　usinglambdas　229
6.10　function objects　233
6.10.1　definition of function objects　233
6.10.2　predefined function objects　239
6.10.3　binders　241
6.10.4　function objects and binders versus lambdas　243
6.11　container elements　244
6.11.1　requirements for container elements　244
6.11.2　value semantics or reference semantics　245
6.12　errors and exceptions inside the stl　245
6.12.1　error handling　246
6.12.2　exception handling　248
6.13　extending the stl　250
6.13.1　integrating additional types　250
6.13.2　deriving from stl types　251
7　stl containers　253
7.1　common container abilities and operations　254
7.1.1　container abilities　254
7.1.2　container operations　254
7.1.3　container types　260
7.2　arrays　261
7.2.1　abilities of arrays　261
7.2.2　array operations　263
7.2.3　using arrays as c-style arrays　267
7.2.4　exception handling　268
7.2.5　tuple interface　268
7.2.6　examplesofusingarrays　268
7.3　vectors　270
7.3.1　abilities of vectors　270
7.3.2　vector operations　273
7.3.3　using vectors as c-style arrays　278
7.3.4　exception handling　278
7.3.5　examplesofusingvectors　279
7.3.6　class vector[bool]　281
7.4　deques　283
7.4.1　abilities of deques　284
7.4.2　deque operations　285
7.4.3　exception handling　288
7.4.4　examplesofusingdeques　288
7.5　lists　290
7.5.1　abilities of lists　290
7.5.2　list operations　291
7.5.3　exception handling　296
7.5.4　examplesofusinglists　298
7.6　forwardlists　300
7.6.1　abilities of forward lists　300
7.6.2　forward list operations　302
7.6.3　exception handling　311
7.6.4　examplesofusingforwardlists　312
7.7　sets and multisets　314
7.7.1　abilities of sets and multisets　315
7.7.2　set and multiset operations　316
7.7.3　exception handling　325
7.7.4　examples of using sets and multisets　325
7.7.5　example of specifying the sorting criterion at runtime　328
7.8　maps and multimaps　331
7.8.1　abilities of maps and multimaps　332
7.8.2　map and multimap operations　333
7.8.3　usingmaps asassociativearrays　343
7.8.4　exception handling　345
7.8.5　examples of using maps and multimaps　345
7.8.6　example with maps, strings, and sorting criterion at runtime　351
7.9　unordered containers　355
7.9.1　abilities of unordered containers　357
7.9.2　creating and controlling unordered containers　359
7.9.3　other operations for unordered containers　367
7.9.4　thebucket interface　374
7.9.5　usingunorderedmaps asassociativearrays　374
7.9.6　exception handling　375
7.9.7　examples of using unordered containers　375
7.10　other stl containers　385
7.10.1　strings as stl containers　385
7.10.2　ordinary c-style arrays as stl containers　386
7.11　implementing reference semantics　388
7.12　when to use which container　392
8　stl container members in detail　397
8.1　type definitions　397
8.2　create, copy, and destroy operations　400
8.3　nonmodifying operations　403
8.3.1　size operations　403
8.3.2　comparison operations　404
8.3.3　nonmodifying operations for associative and unordered containers　404
8.4　assignments　406
8.5　direct element access　408
8.6　operations to generate iterators　410
8.7　inserting and removing elements　411
8.7.1　inserting single elements　411
8.7.2　inserting multiple elements　416
8.7.3　removing elements　417
8.7.4　resizing　420
8.8　special member functions for lists and forward lists　420
8.8.1　special member functions for lists (and forward lists)　420
8.8.2　special member functions for forward lists only　423
8.9　container policy interfaces　427
8.9.1　nonmodifying policy functions　427
8.9.2　modifying policy functions　428
8.9.3　bucket interface for unordered containers　429
8.10　allocator support　430
8.10.1　fundamental allocator members　430
8.10.2　constructors with optional allocator parameters　430
9　stl iterators　433
9.1　headerfiles for iterators　433
9.2　iteratorcategories　433
9.2.1　output iterators　433
9.2.2　input iterators　435
9.2.3　forwarditerators　436
9.2.4　bidirectional iterators　437
9.2.5　random-access iterators　438
9.2.6　the increment and decrement problem of vector iterators　440
9.3　auxiliary iterator functions　441
9.3.1　advance()　441
9.3.2　next() and prev()　443
9.3.3　distance()　445
9.3.4　iter_swap()　446
9.4　iteratoradapters　448
9.4.1　reverse iterators　448
9.4.2　insert iterators　454
9.4.3　streamiterators　460
9.4.4　move iterators　466
9.5　iteratortraits　466
9.5.1　writing generic functions for iterators　468
9.6　writing user-defined iterators　471
10　stl function objects and using lambdas　475
10.1　the concept of function objects　475
10.1.1　function objects as sorting criteria　476
10.1.2　function objects with internal state　478
10.1.3　the return value of for_each()　482
10.1.4　predicates versus function objects　483
10.2　predefined function objects and binders　486
10.2.1　predefined function objects　486
10.2.2　function adapters and binders　487
10.2.3　user-defined function objects for function adapters　495
10.2.4　deprecated function adapters　497
10.3　usinglambdas　499
10.3.1　lambdas versus binders　499
10.3.2　lambdas versus stateful function objects　500
10.3.3　lambdas calling global and member functions　502
10.3.4　lambdas as hash function, sorting, or equivalence criterion　504
11　stl algorithms　505
11.1　algorithm header files　505
11.2　algorithm overview　505
11.2.1　a brief introduction　506
11.2.2　classification of algorithms　506
11.3　auxiliary functions　517
11.4　the for_each() algorithm　519
11.5　nonmodifying algorithms　524
11.5.1　counting elements　524
11.5.2　minimum and maximum　525
11.5.3　searching elements　528
11.5.4　comparingranges　542
11.5.5　predicates forranges　550
11.6　modifying algorithms　557
11.6.1　copying elements　557
11.6.2　moving elements　561
11.6.3　transforming and combining elements　563
11.6.4　swapping elements　566
11.6.5　assigning new values　568
11.6.6　replacingelements　571
11.7　removing algorithms　575
11.7.1　removing certain values　575
11.7.2　removing duplicates　578
11.8　mutating algorithms　583
11.8.1　reversingtheorderofelements　583
11.8.2　rotating elements　584
11.8.3　permuting elements　587
11.8.4　shufflingelements　589
11.8.5　moving elements to the front　592
11.8.6　partition into two subranges　594
11.9　sorting algorithms　596
11.9.1　sorting all elements　596
11.9.2　partial sorting　599
11.9.3　sorting according to the nthelement　602
11.9.4　heap algorithms　604
11.10　sorted-range algorithms　608
11.10.1　searching elements　608
11.10.2　merging elements　614
11.11　numeric algorithms　623
11.11.1　processing results　623
11.11.2　converting relative and absolute values　627
12　special containers　631
12.1　stacks　632
12.1.1　thecore interface　633
12.1.2　exampleofusingstacks　633
12.1.3　auser-definedstackclass　635
12.1.4　class stack[] indetail　637
12.2　queues　638
12.2.1　thecore interface　639
12.2.2　exampleofusingqueues　640
12.2.3　auser-definedqueueclass　641
12.2.4　class queue[] indetail　641
12.3　priorityqueues　641
12.3.1　thecore interface　643
12.3.2　exampleofusingpriorityqueues　643
12.3.3　class priority_queue[] indetail　644
12.4　container adapters in detail　645
12.4.1　type definitions　645
12.4.2　constructors　646
12.4.3　supplementary constructors for priority queues　646
12.4.4　operations　647
12.5　bitsets　650
12.5.1　examplesofusingbitsets　651
12.5.2　class bitset indetail　653
13　strings　655
13.1　purposeof thestringclasses　656
13.1.1　a first example: extracting a temporary filename　656
13.1.2　a second example: extracting words and printing them backward　660
13.2　description of the string classes　663
13.2.1　stringtypes　663
13.2.2　operation overview　666
13.2.3　constructors anddestructor　667
13.2.4　strings and c-strings　668
13.2.5　size andcapacity　669
13.2.6　element access　671
13.2.7　comparisons　672
13.2.8　modifiers　673
13.2.9　substrings and string concatenation　676
13.2.10　input/output operators　677
13.2.11　searching and finding　678
13.2.12　the value npos　680
13.2.13　numeric conversions　681
13.2.14　iterator support for strings　684
13.2.15　internationalization　689
13.2.16　performance　692
13.2.17　strings and vectors　692
13.3　stringclass indetail　693
13.3.1　type definitions and static values　693
13.3.2　create, copy, and destroy operations　694
13.3.3　operations for size and capacity　696
13.3.4　comparisons　697
13.3.5　character access　699
13.3.6　generating c-strings and character arrays　700
13.3.7　modifying operations　700
13.3.8　searching and finding　708
13.3.9　substrings and string concatenation　711
13.3.10　input/output functions　712
13.3.11　numeric conversions　713
13.3.12　generating iterators　714
13.3.13　allocator support　715
14　regular expressions　717
14.1　theregexmatch andsearchinterface　717
14.2　dealing with subexpressions　720
14.3　regex iterators　726
14.4　regextoken iterators　727
14.5　replacing regular expressions　730
14.6　regexflags　732
14.7　regex exceptions　735
14.8　theregexecmascriptgrammar　738
14.9　othergrammars　739
14.10　basic regex signatures in detail　740
15　input/output using stream classes　743
15.1　common background of i/o streams　744
15.1.1　streamobjects　744
15.1.2　streamclasses　744
15.1.3　global stream objects　745
15.1.4　streamoperators　745
15.1.5　manipulators　746
15.1.6　asimpleexample　746
15.2　fundamental stream classes and objects　748
15.2.1　classes andclasshierarchy　748
15.2.2　global stream objects　751
15.2.3　headerfiles　752
15.3　standard stream operators [[ and ]]　753
15.3.1　output operator [[　753
15.3.2　input operator ]]　754
15.3.3　input/output of special types　755
15.4　stateofstreams　758
15.4.1　constants for thestateofstreams　758
15.4.2　member functions accessing the state of streams　759
15.4.3　stream state and boolean conditions　760
15.4.4　stream state and exceptions　762
15.5　standard input/output functions　767
15.5.1　member functions for input　768
15.5.2　member functions for output　771
15.5.3　exampleuses　772
15.5.4　sentryobjects　772
15.6　manipulators　774
15.6.1　overview of all manipulators　774
15.6.2　how manipulators work　776
15.6.3　user-defined manipulators　777
15.7　formatting　779
15.7.1　formatflags　779
15.7.2　input/output format of boolean values　781
15.7.3　field width, fill character, and adjustment　781
15.7.4　positivesignanduppercaseletters　784
15.7.5　numericbase　785
15.7.6　floating-point notation　787
15.7.7　general formatting definitions　789
15.8　internationalization　790
15.9　file access　791
15.9.1　filestreamclasses　791
15.9.2　rvalue and move semantics for file streams　795
15.9.3　fileflags　796
15.9.4　random access　799
15.9.5　using file descriptors　801
15.10　stream classes for strings　802
15.10.1　stringstreamclasses　802
15.10.2　move semantics for string streams　806
15.10.3　char*streamclasses　807
15.11　input/output operators for user-defined types　810
15.11.1　implementing output operators　810
15.11.2　implementing input operators　812
15.11.3　input/output using auxiliary functions　814
15.11.4　user-definedformatflags　815
15.11.5　conventions for user-defined input/output operators　818
15.12　connecting input and output streams　819
15.12.1　loose coupling using tie()　819
15.12.2　tight coupling using stream buffers　820
15.12.3　redirecting standard streams　822
15.12.4　streams for reading and writing　824
15.13　thestreambufferclasses　826
15.13.1　the stream buffer interfaces　826
15.13.2　streambuffer iterators　828
15.13.3　user-definedstreambuffers　832
15.14　performance issues　844
15.14.1　synchronization with c’s standard streams　845
15.14.2　bufferinginstreambuffers　845
15.14.3　usingstreambuffersdirectly　846
16　internationalization　849
16.1　character encodings and character sets　850
16.1.1　multibyte and wide-character text　850
16.1.2　differentcharactersets　851
16.1.3　dealing with character sets in c++　852
16.1.4　charactertraits　853
16.1.5　internationalization of special characters　857
16.2　theconceptoflocales　857
16.2.1　usinglocales　858
16.2.2　locale facets　864
16.3　locales indetail　866
16.4　facets in detail　869
16.4.1　numeric formatting　870
16.4.2　monetary formatting　874
16.4.3　time and date formatting　884
16.4.4　character classification and conversion　891
16.4.5　string collation　904
16.4.6　internationalized messages　905
17　numerics　907
17.1　random numbers and distributions　907
17.1.1　afirstexample　908
17.1.2　engines　912
17.1.3　engines in detail　915
17.1.4　distributions　917
17.1.5　distributions in detail　921
17.2　complexnumbers　925
17.2.1　class complex[] ingeneral　925
17.2.2　examples using class complex[]　926
17.2.3　operations for complex numbers　928
17.2.4　class complex[] indetail　935
17.3　global numeric functions　941
17.4　valarrays　943
18　concurrency　945
18.1　the high-level interface: async() and futures　946
18.1.1　a first example using async() and futures　946
18.1.2　an example of waiting for two tasks　955
18.1.3　shared futures　960
18.2　the low-level interface: threads and promises　964
18.2.1　class std::thread　964
18.2.2　promises　969
18.2.3　class packaged_task[]　972
18.3　starting a thread in detail　973
18.3.1　async() indetail　974
18.3.2　futures in detail　975
18.3.3　shared futures in detail　976
18.3.4　class std::promise indetail　977
18.3.5　class std::packaged_task indetail　977
18.3.6　class std::thread indetail　979
18.3.7　namespace this_thread　981
18.4　synchronizing threads, or the problem of concurrency　982
18.4.1　bewareofconcurrency!　982
18.4.2　the reason for the problem of concurrent data access　983
18.4.3　what exactly can go wrong (the extent of the problem)　983
18.4.4　the features to solve the problems　987
18.5　mutexes andlocks　989
18.5.1　usingmutexes andlocks　989
18.5.2　mutexes andlocks indetail　998
18.5.3　calling once for multiple threads　1000
18.6　condition variables　1003
18.6.1　purpose of condition variables　1003
18.6.2　a first complete example for condition variables　1004
18.6.3　using condition variables to implement a queue for multiple threads　1006
18.6.4　condition variables in detail　1009
18.7　atomics　1012
18.7.1　exampleofusingatomics　1012
18.7.2　atomics and their high-level interface in detail　1016
18.7.3　the c-style interface of atomics　1019
18.7.4　thelow-level interfaceofatomics　1019
19　allocators　1023
19.1　using allocators as an application programmer　1023
19.2　auser-definedallocator　1024
19.3　usingallocators as alibraryprogrammer　1026
bibliography　1031
newsgroups and forums　1031
books and web sites　1032
index　1037
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