Foreword iii
Preface v
Summary ix
Acknowledgements xiii
Glossary of Symbols xv
1 Processes 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Pictures 12
1.3 Laws 14
1.4 Implementation of processes 16
1.5 Traces 19
1.6 Operations on traces 21
1.7 Implementation of traces 26
1.8 Traces of a process 27
1.9 More operations on traces 34
1.10 Specifications 37
2 Concurrency 45
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Interaction 45
2.3 Concurrency 48
2.4 Pictures 54
2.5 Example: The Dining Philosophers 55
2.6 Change of symbol 61
2.7 Specifications 71
2.8 Mathematical theory of deterministic processes 72xxii Contents
3 Nondeterminism 81
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Nondeterministic or 82
3.3 General choice 86
3.4 Refusals 88
3.5 Concealment 90
3.6 Interleaving 99
3.7 Specifications 101
3.8 Divergence 105
3.9 Mathematical theory of non-deterministic processes 108
4 Communication 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 Input and output 113
4.3 Communications 122
4.4 Pipes 131
4.5 Subordination 142
5 Sequential Processes 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Laws 157
5.3 Mathematical treatment 158
5.4 Interrupts 161
5.5 Assignment 167
6 Shared Resources 181
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Sharing by interleaving 182
6.3 Shared storage 187
6.4 Multiple resources 189
6.5 Operating systems 198
6.6 Scheduling 204
7 Discussion 207
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Shared storage 207
7.3 Communication 218
7.4 Mathematical models 226
Select Bibliography 233
Index 235
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