出版前言  1
         道格拉斯•C•诺斯序——经济学教材的革命 3
         林毅夫中文第12版序——经济学的样貌与灵魂 5
         张维迎中文第11版序——为什么没有免费的午餐 6
         梁小民中文第11版序——像经济学家一样思考 8
         Preface  前  言  10
         1  The Economic Way of Thinking  经济学的思维方式 3
         Recognizing Order  认识秩序 3
         The Importance of Social Cooperation  社会协作的重要性 4
         How Does It Happen?  这一切是怎么发生的? 5
         An Apparatus of the Mind—the skill of the economist  智力工具——经济学家的技能 6
         Cooperation through mutual adjustment  通过相互调整进行合作 9
         Rules of the game  游戏规则 10
         Property rights as rules of the game  产权作为游戏规则 11
         The biases of economic theory: a weakness or a strength?
         经济学理论的偏倚:缺点还是优点? 12
         Biases or conclusions  偏倚还是结论? 14
         No theory means poor theory  没有理论就是糟糕的理论 15
         Once over lightly  简短回顾 16
         Questions for discussion  问题与讨论 17
         2  Efficiency, Exchange, and Comparative Advantage  效率、交换与比较优势  21
         Goods and Bads  好品和坏品  22
         The Myth of Material Wealth  物质财富的误区  23
         Trade Creates Wealth  贸易创造财富  24
         Is It Worth It? Efficiency and Values  值不值?效率与价值  25
         Recognizing Trade-Offs: Comparing Opportunity Costs of Production
         学会权衡:比较生产的机会成本  27
         The Gains from Specialization and Exchange  从专业化和交换中获益  29
         Why Specialize?  为什么要专业化?  30
         From Individual Trade to International Trade, and Back Again
         从人际贸易到国际贸易,再到人际贸易  30
         Transaction Costs  交易成本  31
         Incentives to Reduce Transaction Costs: Middlemen  降低交易成本的激励:中间人  32
         Middlemen Create Information  中间人创造信息  33
         Markets as Discovery Processes  市场作为发现过程  34
         An Appendix: Economic Growth: Specialization, Exchange, and The Rule of Law
         延伸阅读: 经济增长:专业化、交换和法治  35
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾  38
         Questions for Discussion   问题与讨论  40
         3  Substitutes Everywhere: The Concept of Demand  无处不在的替代:需求的概念  45
         On the Notion of “Needs”  关于“需要”  45
         Marginal Values  边际价值  47
         Everyday Choices Are Marginal Choices  日常选择就是边际选择  48
         The Demand Curve  需求曲线  49
         The Law of Demand  需求法则  51
         Demand and Quantity Demanded  需求和需求量  52
         Demand Itself Can Change  需求自身也会变  53
         Everything Depends on Everything Else  任何事物都依赖于其他事物 54
         Misperceptions Caused by Inflation  通货膨胀导致的错觉 57
         Time Is on Our Side  时间站在我们这一边 58
         Price Elasticity of Demand  需求的价格弹性 58
         Thinking About Elasticity  对弹性的思考 60
         Elasticity and Total Receipts  弹性与总收入 61
         The Myth of Vertical Demand  垂直需求的误区 62
         All Scarce Goods Must Be Rationed Somehow 所有稀缺品都必须以某种方式分配 63
         Is Money All That Matters? Money Costs, Other Costs, and Economic Calculation
         只有钱重要吗?货币成本、其他成本和经济计算 65
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 66
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 67
         4  Cost and Choice: The Concept of Supply  成本和选择:供给的概念  75
         Refresher on Opportunity Costs  对机会成本的复习 75
         Costs Are Tied to Actions, Not Things  成本和行为而不是事物相关 76
         What Do I Do Now? The Irrelevance of “Sunk Costs”
         我现在该干什么?“沉没成本”的无关性 77
         Producers’ Costs as Opportunity Costs  生产者的成本作为机会成本 78
         Marginal Opportunity Costs  边际机会成本 80
         Costs and Supply  成本和供给 81
         The Supply Curve  供给曲线 83
         Supply Itself Can Change  供给自身也会变  85
         Marginal and Average Costs  边际成本和平均成本  86
         The Cost of a Volunteer Military Force  志愿兵役制度的成本 87
         Price Elasticity of Supply  供给的价格弹性 90
         Cost as Justification  用成本论证正当性 91
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 92
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 93
         5  Supply and Demand: A Process of Coordination  供给与需求:协调的过程  99
         The Market Is a Process of Plan Coordination  市场是计划协调的过程  101
         The Basic Process  基本过程  102
         Competition, Cooperation, and Market Clearing  竞争、合作与市场出清  104
         Changing Market Conditions  变动的市场条件  106
         Learning from Free-Market Prices  理解自由市场价格  106
         Central Planning and the Knowledge Problem  中央计划和知识问题  108
         An Appendix: Coordination Problems: Transaction Costs
         延伸阅读:协调遇到的问题:交易成本  109
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾  114
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 115
         6  Unintended Consequences: More Applications of Supply and Demand
         无意的后果:供求规律的更多应用  119
         Catastrophe and Confusion 自然灾害时供求的迷思  119
         Catastrophe and Coordination  自然灾害时供求的协调  120
         The Urge to Fix Prices  限价的冲动  122
         Competition When Prices Are Fixed  价格固定时的竞争  124
         Appropriate and Inappropriate Signals  恰当与不恰当的信号  125
         Looking for an Apartment in the City? Read the Obituary!
         想在城里找公寓吗?看讣告吧! 126
         Strong Booze, Stronger Drugs: Criminal Incentives  烈酒、烈性毒品:犯罪的激励  128
         Skim Milk, Whole Milk, and Gangster Milkmen  脱脂牛奶、全脂牛奶和“牛奶匪帮” 130
         Supports and Surpluses  价格下限与生产过剩  130
         Supply, Demand, and the Minimum Wage  供给、需求和最低工资  132
         Slavery Goes Global, Again  奴隶贸易再次全球化  134
         Do Costs Determine Prices?  成本决定价格吗?  135
         The Dropouts Release Their First CD  “退出者”发行了他们的第一张唱片  136
         “There’s Gold in Them Thar Hills!” So What?  “山里有金子!”那又怎么样?  137
         Even Butchers Don’t Have the Guts  甚至连屠户都没这个胆子  137
         Why Does It Cost So Much to Change Bedpans?  为什么医院里换个便盆都这么贵?  138
         An Appendix: Framing Economic Questions Correctly   延伸阅读:正确地表述经济问题  139
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾  143
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论  144
         7  Profit and Loss  利润与亏损  153
         Wage, Rent, and Interest: Incomes Established in Advance by Contract
         工资、租金和利息:用合同事先确定的收入 153
         Profit: Income That Can Be Positive or Negative  利润:可正可负的收入 154
         Calculating Profit: What Should Be Included in Costs?  计算利润:哪些应该计入成本? 155
         Comparing Economic Profit and Accounting Profit  比较经济利润和会计利润 156
         Uncertainty: A Necessary Condition for Profit  不确定性:利润的必要条件 158
         The Entrepreneur  企业家 159
         The Entrepreneur as Residual Claimant  作为剩余索取者的企业家 160
         Not-for-Profit Institutions  非营利机构 161
         Entrepreneurship and the Market Process  企业家才能与市场过程 161
         Mere Luck?  仅仅是运气吗? 163
         Profit and Loss as Coordinating Signals: The Role of Monetary Calculation
         利润与亏损作为协调的信号:货币计量的作用 164
         Beware of Experts  小心专家 166
         An Appendix: Profiteering in Futures Markets   延伸阅读: 在期货市场上赚取利润 167
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 173
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 174
         8  Price Searching  觅 价  183
         The Popular Theory of Price Setting  定价的流行理论  183
         Introducing Ed Sike  艾德•赛克登场  184
         The Basic Rule for Maximizing Net Revenue  净收益最大化的基本法则  186
         The Concept of Marginal Revenue  边际收益的概念  186
         Why Marginal Revenue Is Less Than Price  为什么边际收益会低于价格?  187
         Setting Marginal Revenue to Equal Marginal Cost  让边际收益等于边际成本  188
         What About Those Empty Seats?  那些空座位呢?  189
         The Price Discriminator’s Dilemma  差别定价者的困境  189
         The College as Price Searcher  学校作为觅价者  190
         Some Strategies for Price Discrimination  一些差别定价策略  192
         Ed Sike Finds a Way  艾德•赛克找到了一个办法  192
         Resentment and Rationale  不满情绪与“合理化”辩解  194
         Lunch and Dinner Prices  午餐价和晚餐价  194
         Cost-Plus-Markup Reconsidered  重新思考成本加成  196
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 196
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 197
         9  Competition and Government Policy  竞争与政府政策  205
         Competition as a Process  竞争作为一个过程  205
         The Pressures of Competition  竞争的压力  207
         Controlling Competition  控制竞争  208
         Restrictions on Competition  对竞争的限制  210
         Competition for the Key Resource:
         The $600,000 Taxi License  对核心资源的竞争:60万美元的出租车执照  211
         Competition and Property Rights  竞争和财产权  211
         The Ambivalence of Government Policies  政府政策的矛盾性  212
         Selling Below Cost  低于成本销售  212
         What Is the Appropriate Cost?  什么是适当的成本?  213
         “Predators” and Competition  “掠夺者”和竞争  215
         Regulating Prices  价格管制  216
         “Antitrust” Policy  “反托拉斯”政策  218
         Interpretations and Applications  解释和应用  218
         Vertical Restraints: Competitive or Anticompetitive  纵向限制:竞争或反竞争  220
         The Range of Opinion  观点谱系  221
         Toward Evaluation  对于竞争政策的评估  222
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 223
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 223
         10  Externalities and Conflicting Rights  外部性与冲突的权利  229
         Externalities, Negative and Positive  正外部性和负外部性  229
         Perfection Is Unattainable  十全十美无法达到  230
         Negotiation  协 商  231
         Reducing Externalities Through Adjudication  通过裁定减少外部性  233
         The Case of the Complaining Homeowner  抱怨的房主  233
         The Importance of Precedents  先例的重要性  234
         The Problem of Radical Change  剧烈变化带来的问题  235
         Reducing Externalities Through Legislation  通过立法减少外部性  236
         Minimizing Costs  把成本降到最低  237
         Another Approach: Taxing Emissions  另一种办法:征收排放税  238
         Licenses to Pollute?  污染许可证?  240
         Efficiency and Fairness  效率和公平  240
         The Bubble Concept  泡泡法  241
         Rights and the Social Problem of Pollution  权利和污染带来的社会问题  243
         Traffic Congestion as an Externality  交通拥堵作为一种外部性  243
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 245
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 245
         11  Markets and Government  市场与政府  255
         Private Versus Public?  私人还是公共?  255
         Competition and Individualism  竞争和个人主义  256
         Economic Theory and Government Action  经济理论和政府行为  257
         The Right to Use Coercion  采取强制的权利  258
         Is Government Necessary?  政府是必要的吗? 259
         Excluding Nonpayers  排除不付钱的人 260
         The Free-Rider Problem  搭便车问题 261
         Positive Externalities and Free Riders  正外部性和搭便车 262
         Law and Order  法律和秩序 263
         National Defense  国 防 263
         Roads and Schools  道路和学校 264
         Income Redistribution  收入再分配 264
         The Regulation of Voluntary Exchange  自愿交易的管制 265
         Government and the Public Interest  政府和公共利益 266
         Information and Democratic Governments  信息和民主政府 266
         The Interests of Elected Officials  民选官员的利益 267
         Concentrated Benefits, Dispersed Costs  集中的收益,分散的成本 269
         Positive Externalities and Government Policies  正外部性和政府政策 270
         How Do People Identify the Public Interest?  人们如何界定公共利益 271
         The Prisoners’ Dilemma  囚徒困境 272
         The Limits of Political Institutions  政治制度的局限 274
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 275
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 276
         12  Measuring the Overall Performance of Economic Systems
         衡量经济系统的整体绩效  283
         Gross Domestic Product  国内生产总值  284
         GDP or GNP?  GDP还是GNP?  285
         GDP as Total Income Created in the Domestic Economy
         GDP作为国内经济创造的总收入  286
         GDP Is Not a Measure of All Purchases in the Economy
         GDP衡量的并非经济系统中的所有购买  287
         GDP as Total Value Added  GDP作为总附加价值  288
         Is Value Added Always Positive?  附加价值是否总是正的?  289
         Loose Ends: Unsold Inventories and Used Goods  零散问题:未出售的存货和二手货  290
         Aggregate Fluctuations  总量波动  291
         Unemployment and Nonemployment  失业和未就业  292
         Employed, Not Employed, and Unemployed  就业、未就业和失业  293
         Labor-Market Decisions  劳动力市场中的决策  294
         Unemployment and Recessions  失业和经济衰退  295
         Inflation  通货膨胀  296
         The Difficulties of Monetary Calculation  货币计量的难题  298
         Recession and Inflation Since 1960  1960年以来的经济衰退和通货膨胀  298
         What Causes Aggregate Fluctuations?  什么导致总量波动?  301
         An Appendix: Limitations of National Income Accounting
         延伸阅读:国民收入核算的局限  303
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 307
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 308
         13  The Wealth of Nations: Globalization and Economic Growth
         国家的财富:全球化与经济增长  313
         Who Is Rich, Who Is Poor?  谁富,谁穷?  314
         The Historical Record  历史记录 314
         Sources of Economic Growth  经济增长的源泉 316
         Foreign Investment  外国投资 318
         Human Capital  人力资本 321
         Oil Comes from Our Minds  石油来自我们的头脑 322
         Economic Freedom Index  经济自由度指数 323
         The Developmental Power of Private Property Rights  私有产权对发展的作用 323
         The Asian Record  亚洲记录 324
         Outside of Asia  亚洲之外 327
         Globalization and Its Discontents  全球化及其不满 329
         The Power of Popular Opinion  公众意见的力量 331
         The Power of Special Interests  特殊利益的力量 332
         The Outsourcing Controversy: Soundbytes vs. Analysis  外包的争论:脱口秀还是分析 332
         An Appendix: The Difficulties of International GDP Comparisons
         延伸阅读:跨国GDP比较的难点  334
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 337
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 338
         14  Money  货 币  341
         The Evolution of Money  货币的演化  341
         The Myth of Fiat Money  法定货币的故事  342
         The Nature of Money Today  当今货币的性质  343
         So How Much Money Is Out There?  市面上有多少货币?  344
         The Creation of Money  货币的创造  345
         What Can Be Created Can Be Destroyed  任何可以创造出来的东西都可以被灭失  346
         Credibility and Confidence  信用和信任  347
         Banks Under Regulation: Legal Reserve Requirements
         受管制的银行:法定存款准备金制度  348
         The Fed as Monitor and Rule Enforcer  美联储作为监督者和规则实施者  349
         The Tools Used by the Fed  美联储的工具  352
         The Discount Rate  贴现率  352
         Open Market Operations  公开市场操作  353
         But Who Is Really in Charge?  但是谁真正做主呢?  354
         An Appendix: What about Gold?  延伸阅读:那么黄金呢?  355
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 357
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 357
         15  Economic Performance and Real-World Politics  经济绩效和真实世界中的政治  363
         The Great Depression  经济大萧条 363
         What Really Happens in a Recession?  经济衰退期间究竟会发生什么? 365
         A Cluster of Errors  错误集群 365
         Monetary Mismanagement, Monetary Miscalculation  货币的不良管理和错误计算 367
         Monetary Equilibrium  货币均衡 369
         When Is Monetary Policy Effective?  货币政策何时有效? 370
         The Case for Fiscal Policy  财政政策 371
         The Necessity of Good Timing  掌握好时机的必要性 372
         The Federal Budget as a Policy Tool  联邦预算作为一种政策工具 374
         Time Horizons and Politics  任期和政治 375
         Deficits Unlimited  无限度的赤字 376
         Why Not Government at All Levels?  为什么不是各级政府都如此? 379
         Discretion and Rules  自由裁量和规则 381
         Who Is at the Controls?  谁掌权? 383
         Once Over Lightly  简短回顾 385
         Questions for Discussion  问题与讨论 386
         16  Renewal of the Debate: Some Parting Thoughts  辩论的更新:临别的思想赠言  395
         The Great Financial Crisis of 2008 . . . and Beyond  2008年及其后的金融大海啸  395
         But First: The S&L Crisis of the 1980s  先得回顾20世纪80年代的存贷危机  397
         The Subprime Mortgage Crisis: Hurting the Disadvantaged by Helping the Disadvantaged
         次贷危机:对弱势群体的帮助反而害了他们  398
         Profit, Loss, and Bailout: Can a Government Agency Be a Good Entrepreneur?
         利润、亏损和援助:政府机构可以成为一个好企业家吗?  400
         What Economists Know and the Limitations of Economics
         经济学家知道什么和经济学的局限  402
         Beyond Mere Economics  超越纯粹的经济学  404
         Glossary  重要词汇 407
         Index  索  引  415
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