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How did American and British policymakers become so enamored with free markets, deregulation, and limited government? This book--the first comprehensive transatlantic history of the rise of neoliberal politics--presents a surprising answer. Based on archival research and interviews with leading participants in the movement, Masters of the Universe traces the ascendancy of neoliberalism from the academy of interwar Europe to supremacy under Reagan and Thatcher and in the decades since. Daniel Stedman Jones argues that there was nothing inevitable about the victory of free-market politics. Far from being the story of the simple triumph of right-wing ideas, the neoliberal breakthrough was contingent on the economic crises of the 1970s and the acceptance of the need for new policies by the political left.

Masters of the Universe describes neoliberalism's road to power, beginning in interwar Europe but shifting its center of gravity after 1945 to the United States, especially to Chicago and Virginia, where it acquired a simple clarity that was developed into an uncompromising political message. Neoliberalism was communicated through a transatlantic network of think tanks, businessmen, politicians, and journalists that was held together by Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman. After the collapse of Bretton Woods in 1971, and the "stagflation" that followed, their ideas finally began to take hold as Keynesianism appeared to self-destruct. Later, after the elections of Reagan and Thatcher, a guileless faith in free markets came to dominate politics.

Fascinating, important, and timely, this is a book for anyone who wants to understand the history behind the Anglo-American love affair with the free market, as well as the origins of the current economic crisis.

Review:

"[I]ntelligent."--Kenneth Minogue, Wall Street Journal

"In impressive fashion, Jones analyzes the impact of free market economics and deregulation on political leaders in Washington, D.C., and London since the 1970s. . . . [A]nyone intrigued by the intersection of economic theory and political affairs will appreciate this learned, detailed book."--Publishers Weekly

"A cerebral, pertinent exegesis on the thinking behind the rise of the New Right. . . . [A] valuable study that helps flesh out the caricature of conservatives as only believing 'greed is good.'"--Kirkus Reviews

"[I]mportant. . . . [A] beguilingly erudite old-fashioned read."--Stephen Matchett, Australian

"Stedman Jones . . . describes the scene with remarkable accuracy, including its financial underpinning and its ties with conservatism."--Karen Horn, Standpoint

"Mr. Stedman Jones offers a novel and comprehensive history of neoliberalism. It is tarred neither by a reverence for the heroes, nor by caricature, for he is a fair and nuanced writer. This is a bold biography of a great idea."--Economist

"[A] lucid, richly detailed examination of the evolution of the free market ideology since the end of World War II."--Glenn C. Altschuler, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette

"[A] good read. . . . The deep history of neo-liberal thought is fascinating."--Andrew Hilton, Financial World

Endorsement:

"Daniel Stedman Jones has an unusual talent--making the history of economic thought fascinating and significant. In tracing the evolution of neoliberal ideas and their implementation in public policy in Britain and the United States, he does a superb job of helping us understand both the last half-century of Atlantic history and the origins of the current crisis. No book could be more timely."--Eric Foner, Columbia University

Daniel Stedman Jones is a barrister in London. He was educated at the University of Oxford and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he earned a PhD in history. He has worked as a policy adviser for the New Opportunities Fund and as a researcher for Demos.

Acknowledgments ix
Timeline xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
The Three Phases of Neoliberalism 6
Neoliberalism and History 10
Transatlantic Neoliberal Politics 15
1. The Postwar Settlement 21
2. The 1940s: The Emergence of the Neoliberal Critique 30
Karl Popper and "The Open Society" 37
Ludwig von Mises and "Bureaucracy" 49
Friedrich Hayek and "The Road to Serfdom" 57
The Mont Pelerin Society and "The Intellectuals and Socialism" 73
3. The Rising Tide: Neoliberal Ideas in the Postwar Period 85
The Two Chicago Schools: Henry Simons, Milton Friedman, and Neoliberalism 89
The Enlightenment, Adam Smith and Neoliberalism 100
Economic and Political Freedom: Milton Friedman and Cold War Neoliberalism 111
The German Economic Miracle: Neoliberalism and the Soziale Marktwirtschaft 121
Regulatory Capture, Public Choice, and Rational Choice Theory 126
4. A Transatlantic Network: Think Tanks and the Ideological Entrepreneurs 134
The United States in the 1950s: Fusionism and the Cold War 138
British Conservatism in the 1950s 147
Neoliberal Organization in the 1950s and 1960s 152
The Second Wave: Free Market Think Tanks in the 1970s 161
Neoliberal Journalists and Politicians 173
Breakthrough? 178
5. Keynesianism and the Emergence of Monetarism, 1945-71 180
Keynes and Keynesianism 182
"A Little Local Difficulty": Enoch Powell's Monetarism 190
American Economic Policy in the 1960s 197
Milton Friedman's Monetarism 201
The Gathering Storm 212
6. Economic Strategy: The Neoliberal Breakthrough, 1971-84 215
The Slow Collapse of the Postwar Boom, 1964-71 217
Stagflation and Wage and Price Policies 225
The Heath Interregnum and the Neoliberal Alternative 230
The Left Turns to Monetarism, 1: Callaghan, Healey, and the IMF Crisis 241
The Left Turns to Monetarism, 2: Jimmy Carter and Paul Volcker's Federal Reserve 247
Thatcherite Economic Strategy 254
Reaganomics 263
Conclusion 269
7. Neoliberalism Applied? The Transformation of Affordable Housing and Urban Policy in the United States and Britain, 1945-2000 273
Postwar Low-Income Housing and Urban Policy in the United States 278
Postwar Low-Income Housing and Urban Policy in Britain 288
Jimmy Carter and the Limits of Government 295
Property-Owning Democracy and Individual Freedom: Housing and Neoliberal Ideas 297
The Reagan Administration 304
Council House Privatization: The Right to Buy Scheme 308
Transatlantic Transmissions: Reagan's Enterprise Zones 315
Hope VI, Urban Regeneration, and the Third Way 321
Conclusion 325
Conclusion - The Legacy of Transatlantic Neoliberalism: Faith-Based Policy 329
Parallelisms: The Place of Transatlantic Neoliberal Politics in History 333
The Apotheosis of Neoliberalism? 338
Reason-Based Policymaking 343
Notes 347
Index 391
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